Chapter 15 - Mastering Healthcare Terminology - Endocrine System

Front 1

endocrine system

Back 1

uses the circulatory system and chemical messengers called hormones to regulate a number of body functions, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and water and electrolyte balances

Front 2

crin/o

Back 2

to secrete

Front 3

hypophys/o

Back 3

pituitary gland

Front 4

gland

Back 4

adeno/o

Front 5

endo-

Back 5

within

Front 6

Anterior pituitary hormones

Back 6

bone - growth hormone (GH), adrenal cortex to protoduce other homones - adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid gland - thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), testis/ovary - gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH), mammary glands - prolactin (PRL)

Front 7

Posterior pituitary hormones

Back 7

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - kidney tubules, oxytocin (OT) - uterus smooth muscles and mammary glands

Front 8

hypophysis

Back 8

pituitary gland

Front 9

pituitary gland

Back 9

tiny gland behind the optic nerve, AKA hypophysis, in cranial cavity - called master gland because of its role in controlling the functions of other endocrine glands.

Front 10

hypothalamus

Back 10

stimulates anterior lobe of pituitary, or adenohypophysis, to release hormones

Front 11

posterior lobe of pituitary

Back 11

neurohypophysis

Front 12

gonadotrophic hormones

Back 12

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates the development of gametes in the respective sexes, luteinizing hormone (LH) - stimulates ovulation in the female and the secretion of sex hormones in both the male and the female, interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) - stimulates production of reproductive cells in the male

Front 13

Growth hormone (GH) AKA human growth hormone hGH or somatotropin hormone (STH)

Back 13

Stimulates growth of long bones and skeletal muscle; converts proteins to glucose

Front 14

Prolactin (PRL) AKA lactogenic hormone

Back 14

Stimulates milk production in the breast

Front 15

Thyrotropin AKA thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 15

Stimulates thyroid to release two other thyroid hormones

Front 16

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 16

Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and return it to circulation; is also a vasoconstrictor, resulting in higher blood pressure

Front 17

Oxytocin (OT)

Back 17

Stimulates the muscles of the uterus during the delivery of an infant and the muscles surrounding the mammary ducts to contract, releasing milk

Front 18

thyroid gland

Back 18

single organ located in anterior part of neck. regulates the metabolism of the body and normal growth and development, and controls the amount of calcium (Ca) deposited into bone

Front 19

Calcitonin

Back 19

thyroid gland hormone regulates calcium in bloodstream

Front 20

Tetraiodothyronine (also called thyroxine T4)

Back 20

Thyroid gland hormone - Increases cell metabolism

Front 21

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Back 21

Thyroid hormone - increases cell metabolism.

Front 22

Parathyroid glands

Back 22

four small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland in the neck. Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low level of calcium in th eblood. When low, PTH increases calcium by causing it to be released from bone. PTH is inhibited by high levels of calcium.

Front 23

Adrenal glands (aka suprarenals)

Back 23

paired one on top of each kidney. Different hormones are secreted by the two different parts, external adrenal cortex and internal adrenal medulla

Front 24

adrenal medulla

Back 24

inner portion of adrenal gland produces sympathomimetic hormones that stimulate fight-or-flight response, sympathetic nervous system

Front 25

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Back 25

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, sex hormones

Front 26

Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol (hydrocortisone)

Back 26

Adrenal Cortex Hormones - Respond to stress; have antiinflammatory properties

Front 27

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

Back 27

Adrenal Cortex Hormones - Regulate blood volume, blood pressure, and electrolytes by acting on the kidneys

Front 28

Sex hormones (e.g. estrogen, androgen)

Back 28

Responsible for secondary sex characteristics

Front 29

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

Back 29

Dopamine, Epinephrine (also called adrenaline), and Norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline)

Front 30

Dopamine

Back 30

Adrenal Medulla Hormone - Dilates arteries and increases production of urine, blood pressure, and cardiac rate. Acts as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system

Front 31

Epinephrine (also called adrenaline)

Back 31

Adrenal Medulla Hormone - Fight or flight - Dialates bronchi, increases heart rate, raises blood pressure, dilates pupils, and elevates blood sugar levels

Front 32

Norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline)

Back 32

Adrenal Medulla Hormone - Fight or flight - increases heart rate and blood pressure and elevates blood sugar levels for energy use

Front 33

Pancreas

Back 33

Has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Exocrine - release digestive enzymes. Endocrine - variety of types of cells called islets of Langerhans to regulate the level of glucose in the body by stimulating the liver

Front 34

Islets of Langerhans

Back 34

Two types of cells to regulate the level of glucose in the body by stimulating the liver: alpha and beta. Alpha produce glucagon to increase glucose, beta secrete insulin to decrease glucose.

Front 35

Thymus Gland

Back 35

located in the mediastinum above the heart, releases thymosin responsible for stimulating key cells in the immune response.

Front 36

Goiter

Back 36

enlargement of thyroid gland

Front 37

hirsutism

Back 37

abnormal hairiness, especially in women. Also called hypertrichosis

Front 38

Absence of glucose in cells

Back 38

proteins and fats are broken down, causing excessive fatty acids and ketones in the blood

Front 39

Ketoacidosis

Back 39

Excessive amount of ketone acids in the bloodstream

Front 40

polyphagia

Back 40

Condition of excessive appetite

Front 41

acromegaly

Back 41

Hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypphysis during adulthood, leads to an enlargement of the extremities, jaw, nose and forehead. Usually caused by an adenoma of the pituitary gland

Front 42

polydipsia

Back 42

condition of excessive thirst

Front 43

diabetes insipidus (DI)

Back 43

Undersecretion of ADH from the neurohyppohysis resulting in plydipsia and plyuria

Front 44

hyponatremia

Back 44

condition of deficient sodium (Na) in the blood

Front 45

diabetes melllitus (DM)

Back 45

Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) disorder - group of metabolic disorders characterized by high glucose levels due to inadequate insulin, resistance to insulin, or combination of both

Front 46

Gestational diabetes

Back 46

Insulin resistance acquired during pregnacy. Usually resolves after birth, although some women develop type 2 diabetes later in life

Front 47

Hyperinsulinism

Back 47

Oversecretion of insulin, seen in some newborns of diabetic mothers, causes severe hypglycemia

Front 48

prediabetes

Back 48

a condition in which an individual's blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes

Front 49

type 1 diabetes

Back 49

Total lack of insulin production resulting in glycosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, blurred vision, fatigue, and frequent infections. Thought to be autoimmune. Previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Front 50

type 2 diabetes

Back 50

Deficient insulin production, with symptoms similar to type 1. Cause unknown but associated with obesity and family history. Previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Front 51

phacoemulsification

Back 51

A method of cataract removal using ultrasonic vibrations to fragment the lens, which is simultaneously irrigated and aspirated.

Front 52

LASIK

Back 52

laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, a kind of laser eye surgery designed to change the shape of the cornea to eliminate or reduce the need for glasses and contact lenses in cases of severe myopia (nearsightedness).

Front 53

hypernatremia

Back 53

excessive amounts of sodium in the blood; possibly indicating diabetes insipidus

Front 54

strabismus

Back 54

General term for a lack of coordination between the eyes, usually due to muscle weakness or paralysis. Sometimes called a "squint"