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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lymphatic system
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A network of vessels, nodes, and organs that filters and cleans tissue fluid and the blood and protects the body from invasion
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Lymph
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The fluid in the lymphatic system
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Tissue fluid
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The fluid in the spaces between tissue cells, it enters lymphatic capillaries to become lymph
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Lymphatic capillaries
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The smallest lymphatic vessels; they are larger than blood capilaries and are found throughout the body where they drain the excess fluid from the tissues
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Lymphatic ducts
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Larger vessels of the lymphatic system; like veins they return the fluid in them to the heart; have a connective tissue outer layer, a smooth muscle middle layer, and a single layer of epithelium inside; and have valves that keep the lymph moving forward as skeletal muscles contract and squeeze them.
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Lymph nodes
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Structures that collect lymph from several ducts, filter and clean it, and pass it on through one larger duct. They are concentrated in the neck, mouth, and throat, under the arms, and in the groin, abdomen and chest.
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Thoracic duct
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The largest lymphatic duct it begins in the abdomen and drains all of the lymph from the lower body and left chest, arm and shoulder into the left subclavian vein a few inches from the heart
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Right lymphatic duct
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Drains lymph from the head, right chest, arm and shoulder into the right subclavian vein a few inches from the heart
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Digested fats
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Nutrients absorbed from the small intestine by lymphatic capillaries
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Thymus gland
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An endocrine gland that lies behind the heart and is essential in the development of T lymphocytes
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Spleen
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A structure that filters and cleans the blood just as the nodes filter and clean the lymph. In addition to removing foreign particles the speen also removes worn red blood cells. Also plays an important role in immunity
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Neutrophils
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Small WBC that can eat and digest cells that do not belong in the body (phagocytosis) like bacteria. They can leave the bloodstream (diapedesis) and travel through the tissue spaces to destroy invaders.
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Basophils
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WBCs capable of releasing histamine and starting inflammation. Basophils can leave the bloodstream and travel through the tissue spaces
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Mast cells
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WBCs that are very similar to basophils also releasing histamine to start inflammation, but do not wander, they are fixed in specific tissues
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Eosinophils
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WBCs that help control the immune process to keep it from going too far. They are also able to eat and digest larger things like protozoa and even small parasitic worms
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Monocytes
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Phagocytic WBC that travel in the blood stream and can eat and digest invaders there. They are also capable of leaving the bloodstream and entering the tissue spaces where they can change into macrophages and dendritic cells
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Wandering macrophages
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WBCs that patrol the tissue spaces continually. They are the second WBCs to arrive at the site of an infection where they begin to surround the area in layers and wall it off (encyst it), sealing the invaders inside to prevent their spread.
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Fixed macrophages
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WBCs that are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and brain where they eat and digest invaders
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Retriculoendothelial system
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The network of macrophages in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and brain.
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Lymphocytes
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Come in two basic types, B cells and T cells
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B lymphocytes
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Lymphocytes that get their name from bone marrow, where they are formed. They can produce plasma cells, which make antibodies and memory cells which provide immunity
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Plasma cells
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Mature lymphocytic B cells that can travel to the site of an infection and release up to two thousand antibodies per minute for two to three days
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Antibodies
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Released by plasma cells. Everyone is born with an extensive variety capable of recognizing and responding to specific bacteria, viral particles, or toxins in many ways;
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T lymphocytes
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WBCs that get their name from having to travel through the thymus gland to become active. There are three kinds; killer, helper, and suppressor cells. When they mature a matching memory cell is made to provide immunity
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Killer T cells
(cytotoxic T cells) |
Mature lymphocytic T cells that travel to the site of an infection or a tumor where they can mark invaders for destruction by the compliment system, release toxins capable of destroying them (antibacterial and antiviral) or attach to cells and break them open
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Memory T & B cells
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Mature lymphocytic T & B cells that do not take immediate action but wait in the plasma & tissue fluid. In the future if they find the bacteria or virus they were programmed for they immediately identify it and divide repeatedly into active cells and memory cells.The active cells destroy the invaders on the spot and the memory cells remain to provide even stronger future protection
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Inflammation
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Essential to the body's defense. When tissue cells are destroyed by invaders or injury certain defense cells release histamine which causes arterioles and precapillary sphincters in the area to open wide (dilate) flooding the capillary beds with blood. It also opens the pores in the capillaries allowing plasma to surge out into the tissue spaces
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Swelling, heat, redness, and pain
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Classic symptoms of inflammation
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Heparin
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Released along with histamine to prevent blood clots from forming during inflammation
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Barrier
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A physical structure that blocks invaders from entering the body
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Immune surveillance
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Provided by a wide array of cells throughout the blood, tissue fluid, and lymph. These cells act as guards that watch for invaders or tissue damage and initiate a response when they find it
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MHC proteins (major histocompatability proteins)
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An extensive set of proteins in the membrane of every cell in a person's body that identifies the cell as belonging in the body. WBCs and antibodies will attack any cell or protein without identity tag.
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Antigen
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Anything that is identified as not belonging in the body that provokes an attack by WBCs or antibodies
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Marking
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Antibodies attach themselves to an antigen as a signal that it and all like it should be attacked
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Compliment system
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A chain of 20 - 30 reactions that produce proteins with have a wide range of effects; some open the pores on capillaries increasing inflammation and making it easier for WBCs to leave the blood and enter the tissue spaces; others attract WBCs with migrate in mass to the area; and others still mark the invading microbes so that the WBCs know immediately what to attack.
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Chemotaxis
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The rapid migration of WBCs to the site of an infection when they are attracted by chemicals (cytokines) released by the compliment system or by guard (immune surveillance) cells.
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Immunity
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To be unaffected by a bacteria or virus. Measures focused at one specific invader that wipe it out so quickly that the person is never even aware of the attack
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Antigen presenting cells
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Begin by eating and digesting (phagocytosis) bacteria, viral infected cells, or cancer cells. They digest everything except the disease cell's identifying proteins (antigen). These they insert into their own cell membrane and travel to a lymph node or the spleen and seek out an immature T or B lymphocyte. They present the antigen to the immature T or B cell and secrete chemicals (cytokines) that stimulate it to complete its development.
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Natural killer cells
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Lymphocytic cells that patrol tissue fluid and directly attack and destroy any cancer or viral infected cells they encounter.
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Immunotherapy
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Stimulation that restarts the development of cancer killing cells to so that they can destroy the cancer
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Fever
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The body's thermostat is in the hypothalamus which monitors nervous signals, blood chemicals and the number of bacteria in the blood. It can increase the cellular metabolic rate releasing extra heat to raise the body temperature. Normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees F. 107 degrees is considered fatal. At increased temperatures WBCs become more active while bacteria become less active.
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Natural immunity
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Provided by the natural development of memory T & B cells
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Artificial immunity
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Provided by man's intervention in stimulating development of memory T or B cells with a vaccination or in delivering antibodies directly
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Acquired immunity
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Can be natural if it is developed from exposure to an invading microbe or artificial if it is developed from exposure to a vaccine
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Population immunity
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Inherited immunity shared by an entire population of people native to an area
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Individual immunity
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Inborn or acquired immunity of one specific person
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Vaccination
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The injection or ingestion of a weakened or dead bacteria or virus or just a fragment of it that contains its identifying proteins, or of an inactive toxin to stimulate a response by the immune system to develop memory cells to provide immunity
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Antibody titer
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The amount of a specific antibody in the blood that can be measured to indicate how strong the person's immunity to a disease is
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Booster shot
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Additional vaccinations to strengthen immunity by increasing the number of antibodies and memory cells in the blood
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Passive immunity
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Providing antibodies to a person from another source. It is naturally provided through the placenta and by a mother's milk but can be artificially provided with antiserums. Protection lasts until the number of antibodies in the blood falls and there are no memory cells to respond to a renewed invasion so it is actually a defense measure rather than true immunity
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Immune serum
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The portion of the blood plasma that contains antibodies that has been isolated and can be injected to provide passive immunity
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Antiserum
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Immune serum with antibodies against a specific microbe
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Antitoxin
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Immune serum with antibodies against a specific toxin (biological poison)
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Antivenin
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Antitoxin with antibodies against a specific snake venom
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Transplant
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An organ or tissue that has been removed from one person and grafted into another, replacing his or her own because it no longer works properly
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Rejection syndrome
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The destruction of transplanted tissue by the immune system
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Immunosuppressive drugs
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Drugs that slow down or stop the immune system to prevent rejection syndrome
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Lymphedema
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Swelling in the tissues caused by blocked lymph vessels or nodes
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Elephantiasis
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Extreme lymphedema sometimes in an arm but usually in the groin and legs due to the blockage of lymph vessels and nodes by parasitic worms (filaria)
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Lymphadenitis
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Enlargement of lymph nodes usually as they respond to an infection in the tissues
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Splenomegaly
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Enlargement of the spleen that may have many causes but is very evident in diseases such as mononucleosis
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Lymphoma
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Cancer in the lymph nodes
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Allergy
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An unusual over reaction of the immune system to normally harmless substances that can be life threatening
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Autoimmunity
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An attack by the immune system on the body's own tissues
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Immune deficiency disease
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Failure of the immune system
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Congenital immune deficiency disease
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Immune deficiency disease that is present at birth
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Acquired immune deficiency disease
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AIDS
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