Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Somatic Nervous System |
-includes both sensory and motor neurons -innervate skeletal muscles, the effectors of the SNS -produce both reflexive and voluntary movements |
|
|
What do sensory neurons in the SNS do? |
sensory neurons in the SNS convey input from receptors for somatic senses (tactile, pain, and proprioceptive sensations) |
|
|
What part do special senses play in the SNS? |
Sensory neurons convey receptors from special senses (sight, hearing, taste, and equilibrium) |
|
|
Autonomic Nervous System |
the main input to the ANS comes from autonomic (visceral) sensory neurons. most these neurons are associated with interceptors (sensory receptors located in the blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and the nervous system that monitor conditions in the internal system) |
|
|
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Motor Neurons |
-the axon of a single, myelinated somatic motor neuron extends from the central nervous system all the way to the skeletal muscle fibers in its motor unit -BY CONTRAST, ANS motor pathways consist of two motor neurons in series, that is, one following the other. -The first neuron (preganglionic neuron) has its cell body in the CNS.Its myelinated axon extends from the CNS to the automatic ganglion. The cell body of the second neuron (postganglionic neuron) is also in that same autnmic ganglion. Its unmyelinated axon extends directly from the ganglion to the effector (smooth muscle, cardia muscle, or a gland)
|
|
|
Chromaffin Cells. Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Motor Neurons |
alternatively, in some autonomic pathways, the first motor neuron extends to specialized cells called CHROMAFFIN cells in the adrenal medullae (inner parts of the adrenal gland) rather than an autonomic ganglion. Chrmaffin cells secrete the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
|
|
What neurotransmitters do somatic motor nuerons release? |
acetylcholine (ACh) |
|
|
What neurotransmitters do Autonomic Motor Neurons release? |
acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine (NE) |
|
|
Review Figure 15.1 page 525 |
|
|
|
Anatomical Components of Automatic Motor Pathways |
Each division of the NAS has two motor neurons. The first of the two motor neurons is called the PREGANGLIONIC NEURON. Its cell body is in the brain or spinal cord; its axon exits the CNS as part of a cranial or spinal nerve. The axon of a preganglionic neuron is a small-diameter, myelinated type B fiber that usually extends to an autonomic ganglion, where it synapes with a postganglionic neuron, the second neuron in the autonomic motor pathway. Note that the postglionic neuron lies entirely outside the CNS in the PNS. ITs cell body and denrties are located in an autonomic ganglion. |
|
|
Preganglionic Neurons |
in the sympathetic divison, the preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the lateral horns of the gray matter in the 12 thoracic segments and the first two (and sometimes 3) lumbar segments of the spinal cord. For this reason, the sympathetic divison is also called the THORACOLUMBAR DIVISION and the axons of the symathetic preganglionic neurons are known as the THORACOLUMBAR OUTFLOW. |
|
|
Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System. Sensory Input. |
Somatic Nervous System: From somatic sense and special sense Autonomic Nervous System: Mainly from interoceptors; some from somatic senses and special senses |
|
|
Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System. Control of Motor Input. |
Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary control from cerebral cortex, with contributions from basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord. Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary control from hypothalamus, limbic system, brain stem, and spinal cord; limited control from cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems. Motor neuron pathway. |
Somatic Nervous System: one-neuron pathway: somatic motor neurons extending from CNS synapse directly with effector. Autonomic Nervous System: Usually two-neuron pathway: Preganglionic neurons extending from the CNS synapse with postganglionic neurons in auronomic ganglion, and postganglionic neurons extending from ganglion synapse with visceral effector. Alternatively, preganglionic neurons may extend from CNS to synapse with chromaffin cells of adrenal medullae. |
|
|
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems. Neurotransmitters and hormones. |
Somatic Nervous System: All somatic motor neurons release only acetylcholine (ACh) Autonomic Nervous System: All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release NE; those to most sweat glands release ACh. All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release ACh. Chromaffin cells of adrenal medullae release epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) |
|
|
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System. Effectors. |
Somatic Nervous System: Skeletal Muscle Autonomic Nervous System: Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands. |
|
|
Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems. Responses. |
Somatic Nervous System: Contraction of skeletal muscle. Autonomic Nervous System: Contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle; increased or decreased secretions of glands. |
|
|
Review Figure 15.2 page 527 |
|
|
|
Review Figure 15.3 page 528 |
|
|
|
Autonomic Ganglia |
There are two major groups of autonomic ganglia: 1 sympathetic ganglia which are components of the sympathetic divisions of the ANS and 2 parasympathetic ganglia, which are components of the parasympathetic division of the ANS. |
|
|
Review page 768 |
|
|
|
Autonomic Plexuses |
In the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, axons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons form tangled networks called automatic plexuses man of which lie along major arteries. |
|
|
The abdomen and pelvis also contain major automatic plexuses and often... |
the plexuses are named after the artery along with they are distributed |
|
|
Celiac Plexus |
largest autonomic plexus and surrounds the celiac trunk. it contains two large celiac ganglia, two aorticorenal ganglia, and a dense network of autonomic axons and is distributed to the stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, adrenal medullae, testes, and ovaries. |
|
|
Superior Mesenteric Plexus |
contains the superior mesenteric ganglion and supplies the small and large intestines |
|
|
Inferior Mesenteric Plexus |
contains the inferior mesenteric ganglion which innervates the large intestine. |
|
|
Hypogastric Plexus |
axons of sympathetic postganglionic neurons from the inferior mesenteric ganglion |
|
|
review page 768 |
|
|
|
Review Figure 15.4 page 530 |
|
|
|
Review Figure 15.5 page 531 |
|
|
|
Review Figure 15.6 page 534 |
|
|
|
ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors |
based on the neurotransmitters they produce and release, autonomic neurons are classified as either cholinergic or adrenergic |
|
|
Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors |
cholinergic neurons- release neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). In the ANS, the cholinergic neurons include (1) all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (2) sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands and (3) all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons |
|
|
Figure 15.7 page 535 |
|
|
|
Adrenenergic Neurons and |
release norepinephrine (NE) known as noradrenalin |
|
|
activation of alpha 1 and beta ` receptors produces |
excitation |
|
|
activation of alpha 2 and beta 2 receptors causes |
inhibition of effector tissues |
|
|
beta 3 receptors are present only on |
brown adipose tissue |
|
|
types of cholinergic receptors |
nicotinic muscarinic |
|
|
nicotinic receptors location and effects of receptor activation |
-integral proteins in postsynaptic plasma membranes; activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. -plasma membrane of postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neuron. excitation impulses in postganglionic neurons. -chromaffin cells of adrenal medullae. epinephrine and norepinephrine. -sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers (motor end plate). excitation--contraction. |
|
|
muscarinic receptor and effects of receptor activation |
-effectors innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons./ in some receptors, excitation; in others, inhibition. -sweat glands innervated by cholinergic sympathetic postganglionic neurons /increased sweating. -skeletal muscle blood vessels innervated by cholinergic sympathetic postganglionic neurons/ inhibition-relaxation-vasodilation. |
|
|
Adrenergic Receptors |
alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 1 beta 2 beta 3 integral proteins in postsynaptic plasma membranes; activated by the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and the hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine |
|
|
alpha 1receptors major location/effects of receptor activation |
-smooth muscle fibers in blood vessels that serve salivary glands, skin, mucosal membranes, kidneys, and abdominal viscera; radial muscle in iris of eye; sphincter muscles of stomach and urinary bladder. excitation---contraction, which causes vasoconstriction, dilation of pupil, and closing of sphincters -salivary glands/ secretion K+ and water -sweat glands on palms and soles/ increased sweating |
|
|
alpha 2 receptors major location/effects of receptor activation |
-cells of pancreatic islets that secrete the hormone insulin (beta cells)/decrease insulin secretion -smooth muscle fibers in some blood vessels/inhibition,relaxation,vasodilation -pancreatic acinar cells/inhibition of digestive enzyme secretion -platelets in blood/aggregation to form platelet plug |
|
|
beta 1 receptors major location/effects of receptor activation |
-juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys/renin secretion -posterior pituitary/antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion -adipose cells/breakdown of tryglycerides, release of fatty acids into blood |
|
|
beta 2 receptors major location/effects of receptor activation |
-smooth muscle in walls of airways; in blood vessels that serve heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver;and in walls of visceral organs, such as urinary bladder/inhibition--->relaxation, which causes dilation of airways, vasodilation, and relaxation of organ walls -ciliary muscles in eye/inhibition-->relaxation -hepatocytes in liver/glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose) |
|
|
beta 3 receptors |
brown adipose tissue/thermogenesis (heat production) |
|
|
COMPARISON OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS DISTRIBUTION |
SYMPATHETIC: Wide regions of the body; skin, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles of hair follicles, adipose tissue, smooth muscle blood vessels PARASYMPATHETIC: limited maily oto head and to viscera of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis; some blood vessels. |
|
|
COMPARISON OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS LOCATION OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES AND SITE OF OUTFLOW |
SYMPATHETIC: later gray horns of spinal cord segments T1-L2. Axons of preganglionic neurons constitute thoracolumbar outflow PARASYMPATHETIC: Nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X. lateral gray matter of spinal cord segments S2-S4. Axons of preganglionic neurons constitute craniosacral outflow. |
|
|
COMPARISON OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS ASSOCIATED GANGLIA |
SYMPATHETIC: sympathetic trunk ganglia and prevertebral ganglia PARASYMPATHETIC: Terminal ganglia |
|
|
COMPARISON OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS GANGLIA LOCATIONS |
SYMPATHETIC: close to CNS and distant from visceral effectors PARASYMPATHETIC: typically near or within wall of visceral effectors |
|
|
COMPARISON OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISONS OF THE ANS AXON LENGTH AND DIVERGENCE |
SYMPATHETIC: preganglionic neurons with short axons synapse with many postganglionic neurons with long axons that pass to many visceral effectors PARASYMPATHETIC: preganglionic neurons with long axons usually snapse with four to five postganglionic neurons with short axons that pass to single visceral effectors |
|
|
COMPARISON OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS WHITE AND GRAY RAMI COMMUNICATES |
SYMPATHETIC: both present; white rami communicantes contain myelinated preganglionic axons; gray rami communicantes contain unmyelinated postganglionic axons PARASYMPATHETIC: neither present |
|
|
COMPARISON OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS NEUROTRANSMITTERS |
SYMPATHETIC: preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) which is excitatory and stimulates postganglionic neurons; most postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine (NE); postganglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands and some blood vessels in skeletal muscle release ACh PARASYMPATHETIC: preganglionic neurons release ACh, which is excitatory and stimulates postganglionic neurons; postganglionic neurons release ACh |
|
|
COMPARISON OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS |
SYMPATHETIC: flight-or-fight repsonses PARASYMPATHETIC: rest-and-digest activities |
|
|
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS VISCERAL EFFECTOR: GLANDS. ADRENAL MEDULLAE. |
SYMPATHETIC EFFECT (ALPHA OR BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS): secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine (nicotinic ACh receptors) EFFECT OF PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (MUSCARINIC ACh RECEPTORS): no innervation |
|
|
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS VISCERAL EFFECTOR: GLANDS. LACRIMAL. |
EFFECT OF SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (ALPHA OR BETA RECEPTORS): slight secretion of tears (alpha) EFFECT OF PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (MUSCARINIC ACh RECEPTORS): secretion of tears |
|
|
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS VISCERAL EFFECTOR: GLANDS. PANCREAS. |
EFFECT OF SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION: inhibits secretion of digestive enzymes and the hormone insulin (alpha 2). promotes secretion of the hormone glucagon (beta 2)
EFFECT OF PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (MUSCARINIC ACh RECEPTORS): secretion of digestive enzymes and the hormone insulin |
|
|
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS VISCERAL EFFECTOR: GLANDS. POSTERIOR PITUITARY . |
EFFECT OF SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION: secretion of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) beta 2 receptors. EFFECT OF PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (MUSCARINIC ACh RECEPTORS): no innervation |
|
|
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS VISCERAL EFFECTOR: GLANDS. PINEAL . |
EFFECT OF SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION: increases synthesis and release of melatonin (beta) EFFECT OF PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (MUSCARINIC ACh RECEPTORS): no innervation |
|
|
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS VISCERAL EFFECTOR: GLANDS. SWEAT . |
EFFECT OF SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION: increases sweating in most body regions (muscarinic ACh receptors); sweating on palms and soles (alpha 1) EFFECT OF PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (MUSCARINIC ACh RECEPTORS): no innervation |
|
|
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS VISCERAL EFFECTOR: GLANDS. ADIPOSE TISSUE . |
EFFECT OF SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION: lipolysis (breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. beta 1). release of fatty acids into blood (beta 1 and beta 3) EFFECT OF PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (MUSCARINIC ACh RECEPTORS): no innervation |
|
|
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS VISCERAL EFFECTOR: GLANDS. LIVER . |
EFFECT OF SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION: glycogenolysis (conversion of glycogen into glucose);gluconeogenesis (conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose); decreased bile secretion (alpha and beta 2) EFFECT OF PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (MUSCARINIC ACh RECEPTORS): glycogen synthesis; increase bile secretion |
|
|
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS
VISCERAL EFFECTOR: GLANDS. KIDNEY, JUXAGLOMERULAR CELLS . |
EFFECT OF SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION:
secretion of renin (beta 1) EFFECT OF PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (MUSCARINIC ACh RECEPTORS): no innervation |
|
|
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS VISCERAL EFFECTOR: CARDIAC MUSCLE |
EFFECT OF SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION: increased heart rate and force of atrial and ventricular contractions (beta 1) EFFECT OF PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (MUSCARINIC ACh RECEPTORS): decreased heart rate; decreased force of atrial contraction |
|
|
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS OF THE ANS
VISCERAL EFFECTOR: SMOOTH MUSCLE. IRIS CIRCULAR MUSCLE |
lkj |
