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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is hormone? |
A hormone is a chemical substance produced in minute quantities into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland |
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What are exocrine glands? |
Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products via ducts |
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What are endocrine glands? |
Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete Hormones directly into the blood |
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What happens when the blood glucose concentration increases beyond the normal? |
1) The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are stimulated and more insulin is released by islets of Langerhans in pancreas to the bloodstream
2) Blood transports insulin to the muscle and liver cells
3) Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration by: • Stimulating body cells to increase glucose uptake by increasing permeability of plasma membranes to glucose • Stimulating the liver and muscle cells to store glucose in the form of glycogen • Decreasing glycogen breakdown in the liver • Decreasing the conversion of fatty acids and amino acids to glucose in the liver |
Insulin has 4 effects on body |
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What happens when the blood glucose concentration decreases below the normal? |
1) The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are stimulated and more glucagon is released by islets of Langerhans in pancreas to the bloodstream 2) Blood transports glucagon to the liver cells 3) Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration by stimulating liver cells to: • Convert stored glycogen in liver to glucose • Convert amino acids and fatty acids to glucose • Convert lactic acid into glucose |
Glucagon has 3 effects on body |
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what are the symptoms of diabetes? |
1. A persistent high blood glucose concentration even a few hours after meal 2. Presence of glucose in the urine as selective reabsorption could not fully absorb all glucose presence in the blood 3. Dificulty of wound healing 4. Excessive urination, excessive thirst and weight loss |
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What secretes adrenaline? |
The adrenal gland above the kidney |
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What are the effects of adrenaline? |
1. Stimulate liver to increase conversion of glycogen to glucose so more glucose are available for muscle contraction 2. Increased glucose release into blood by liver cells 3. Increased metabolic rate, causing more energy to be released in cellular respiration 4. Increased heart rate and blood pressure to increase oxygen and glucose supply to muscle cells 5. Dilated bronchioles to increase breathing rate and depth, allowing more oxygen to be taken in for cellular respiration 6. Increase the rate of blood clotting 7. Constrict arterioles to the digestive system, so to channel blood supply to important organs such as heart, brain and skeletal muscles 8. Constricts arterioles in skin, causing paleness, so to channel blood supply to important organs such as heart, brain and skeletal muscles. 9. Pupils dilate to enhance vision 10. Contracted hair erector muscles, causing hair to stand and produce ‘goose bumps’ |
10 effects |
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What are the similarities between nervous control and endocrine control? |
1) Both nervous control and endocrine control have means of coordination within our bodies 2) In both nervous and endocrine control, a stimulus causes the transmission of a message to the effector which carries out the response |
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What are the differences between nervous and endocrine control? |
1) Nervous control involves nerve impulses while endocrine control involves hormones 2) In nervous control, impulses are carried by neurones while in endocrine control, hormones are carried by the blood 3) Nervous control involves quick responses while endocrine control involves slow responses 4) The responses of a nervous control is usually short-lived while the responses of a endocrine control can be both short-lived or long lasting 5) Nervous control is usually voluntary or involuntary while endocrine control is always involuntary 6) The effect of a nervous control is usually localised while the effect of a endocrine gland can usually affect more than 1 region |
6 differences |
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examples of endocrine glands |
Testes, ovaries, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, adrenal gland |
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Examples of exocrine glands |
Sweat glands, salivary glands, digestive glands |
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Why does adrenaline production increase during exercise? |
When a person exercises, more energy is required to maintain continuous muscle contraction - Adrenaline production increases the rate of glycogen breakdown into glucose for energy - Adrenaline production is increased to increase metabolic rate, to produce more energy by tissue respiration - Adrenaline production is increased to enable the heart and breathing rate to increase so that more oxygen can be supplied per unit time |
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