Chapter 15 Famous People

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James I

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James I: (1603-1625) Originally King James IV of Scotland, Elizabeth’s cousin. (Tudor dynasty became extinct). Son of Mary, Queen of Scots. He knew little about England, and believed that he received power directly from God, and is responsible to no one but God, which alienated Parliament. He was a Puritan (Protestants in the Anglican Church inspired by Calvinist theology). He wanted to eliminate the Episcopal model in the Anglican Church, and replace it with a Presbytarian model.

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Charles I

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Charles I (1625-1649): James I son--conflict came to a head. Parliament passed Petition of Right, demanding king accept it before they would give king tax revenues. Charles decided not to ever summon Parliament to meet from 1629-40. He ruled alone, and found ways to tax without Parliament. Married Catholic sister of Louis VIII of France-aroused suspicions. When he tried to force Book of Common Prayer on Scottish Presbyterians, they rebelled. He was forced to call Parliament for help. They placed severe restrictions on royal authority. Civil war--Charles beheaded.

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Charles II

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Monarchy restored with Charles II (1660-1685) after Cromwell died in 1658. Religious problem disturbed his reign, when Anglican Church was restored and Catholic and Puritans were forced to conform. Charles issued Declaration of Indulgence (suspended Parliament’s harsh laws). Parliament passed Test Act of 1673-only Anglicans could hold civil or military offices. Two groups: Whigs(-king) and Tories (+ king).

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James II

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James II: (1685-1688) Catholic brother of Charles II. Ignored Test Act and hired Catholics. Parliament was willing to wait until he died because he was old and his two daughters were Protestant. However, his second wife gave birth to a son, also a Catholic. Parliament was worried about another Catholic heredity monarchy in England.

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William & Mary

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“Glorious (bloodless) Revolution” when James II abdicated and Mary ( James II’s daughter) and William of Orange (husband) became king/queen. All parties agreed to English Bill of Rights in 1689. William was foe of Louis XIV.

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Cromwell

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Oliver Cromwell- After the beheading of James I, the Rump Parliament disbanded the monarchy and House of Lords and proclaimed England as a republic, or commonwealth. Cromwell was commander in chief of the Army--crushed uprisings. His New Model Army defeated forces supporting Charles I. He died in 1658.

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Louis XIV

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Louis XIV (1643-1715) At age 23, he became sole ruler of France (absolutism). The Sun King. Built elaborate palace in Versailles, and invited the high nobles and princes to his court--and out of politics. Issued Edict of Fontainebleau, which closed protestant and Huguenot churches and schools.

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Richelieu

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Cardinal Richelieu, Chief Minister to Louis XIII (1624-1642), he strengthened royal authority by eliminating private armies and fortified cities of the Huguenots.

Sent out intendants- royal officials to execute the orders of the central government.

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Mazarin

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Cardinal Mazarin, (1642-1661) Richelieu’s trained successor, became Chief minister when Richelieu died, followed by Louis VIII five months later. Louis XIV, next in line, was only four years old.

Fronde- revolts over heavy taxes (2 fronds).

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Colbert

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John Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) Controller General of finances under Louis XIV. Mercantilist--government regulation of economics to benefit the state. Louis XiV’s love for war bankrupted France.

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Hobbes

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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) 17th Century political thinker. Alarmed by revolutionary upheavals in England, especially during English Civil War. Believed in absolute monarchy over all citizens.

Wrote “THE LEVIATHAN"

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Locke

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John Locke (1632-1704) Political thinker who argued against Hobbes’ believe in the absolute power of one man. Wrote “TWO TREATIES OF GOVERNMENT” Citizens have the right to life, liberty and property.

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Wallenstein

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Albrecht von Wallenstein, Commander for the imperial forces under King of Bohemia, Emperor Ferdinand. Defended invasion from King Christian IV (Danish) into northern Germany. Wallenstein’s victory meant the end of Danish supremacy in the Baltic.

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Ferdinand

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Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand, King of Bohemia during Thirty Years’ War. Catholic, and began reCatholicizing Bohemia.

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Adolphus

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Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, (1611-1632) developed first standing army of conscripts (draftees), notable for the flexibility of its tactics.

Died on battlefield in 1632.

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Hohenzollerns

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The evolution of Brandenburg-Prussia into a powerful state was due to the Hohenzollern Dynasty which by 1415 ruled an insignificant principality in NE Germany. Then they inherited land in Rhine Valley, then duchy of Prussia. Three disconnected masses of land were called Brandenburg-Prussia--joined only by Hohenzollern ruler.

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Peter the Great

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Peter the Great wished to westernize Russia, with the goal to create an army and Russia’s first navy. No beards or long coats. Liked having women to mix freely with men in Russian courts. Women benefitted from his cultural reforms.

Procurator- laymen who represented interests of the tsar in Russian Orthodox Church.