Chapter 15

Front 1

ankyl/o

Back 1

root for stiff

Front 2

chondr/o

Back 2

root for cartilage

Front 3

kyph/o

Back 3

root for humpback

Front 4

lamin/o

Back 4

root for lamina

Front 5

leiomy/o

Back 5

root for smooth muscle

Front 6

lord/o

Back 6

root for curve

Front 7

lumb/o

Back 7

root for lower back

Front 8

myel/o

Back 8

root for bone marrow

Front 9

orth/o

Back 9

root for straight

Front 10

oste/o

Back 10

root for bone

Front 11

rhabdomy/o

Back 11

root for skeletal muscle

Front 12

rheumat/o

Back 12

root for watery flow

Front 13

scoli/o

Back 13

root for crooked

Front 14

spondyl/o

Back 14

root for vertebra (condition of)

Front 15

synov/o

Back 15

root for synovial

Front 16

vertebr/o

Back 16

root for vertebra (structure itself)

Front 17

-asthenia

Back 17

suffix for the lack of strength

Front 18

-blast

Back 18

suffix for immature cell

Front 19

-clast

Back 19

suffix for to break

Front 20

-desis

Back 20

suffix for bind together

Front 21

-lithesis

Back 21

suffix for slipping

Front 22

-malacia

Back 22

suffix for softening

Front 23

-physis

Back 23

suffix for to grow

Front 24

-porosis

Back 24

suffix for pore, passage

Front 25

-stenosis

Back 25

suffix for narrowing

Front 26

-trophy

Back 26

suffix for development

Front 27

acetabulum

Back 27

rounded depression in the pelvis that joins the femur

Front 28

acromion

Back 28

outward extension of the shoulder blade; articulates with the clavicle

Front 29

diaphysis

Back 29

shaft of a long bone

Front 30

epiphysis

Back 30

end of a long bone

Front 31

olecranon

Back 31

large process proximal to the ulna

Front 32

osteoblast

Back 32

bone building cell

Front 33

osteoclast

Back 33

bone cell that reabsorbs bone

Front 34

ewing sarcoma

Back 34

a malignant bone tumor that is most common in long bones. It has a peak age from 10-20, and <25% have a metastatic disease at diagnosis. However, there is an 80-90% reoccurrence rate without systemic treatment.

Front 35

exostosis

Back 35

bony growth arising from the surface of the bone. The most common type is a bunion

Front 36

bunion

Back 36

this is a form of exostosis that results in the swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint near the base of the great toe. Usually caused from wearing improper shoes (narrow toe box). An enlarged bursa often develops over the site, and it is treated with a bunionectomy.

Front 37

fracture

Back 37

a break in a bone or bones

Front 38

closed fracture

Back 38

a fracture with no open wound

Front 39

open fracture

Back 39

fracture with an open wound

Front 40

colles fractures

Back 40

a distal radial fracture

Front 41

comminuted fracture

Back 41

a fracture where the bone is in multiple pieces

Front 42

compression fracture

Back 42

a fracture where the bone collapses

Front 43

greenstick fracture

Back 43

a fracture where the bone is partially broken

Front 44

impacted fracture

Back 44

a fracture where one fragment is driven into another

Front 45

spiral fracture

Back 45

a fracture due to a twisting injury, most common in the tibia

Front 46

osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)

Back 46

a malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts. Highly malignant, and often occurs at the metaphyseal region of the long bones. Commonly metastasizes to the lungs, and has a bimodal age distribution.

Front 47

osteomalacia

Back 47

the softening of the bone due to a vitamin D deficiency. Usually a disease of the older population (50-80). One of the biggest risks is decreased sunlight exposure. Can also be caused by poor nutrition, poor absorption, or it can be drug induced (Dilantin)

Front 48

rickets

Back 48

osteomalacia in children due to a vitamin D deficiency during growth. Results in bowed legs.

Front 49

Looser lines

Back 49

pseudofractures where the bone is so soft that the overlaying artery creates a groove in the joint that looks like a fracture. These are a classic sign of osteomalacia and are often seen in the pelvis and shoulder-blade

Front 50

osteomyelitis

Back 50

acute or chronic infection of the bone and its structures caused most commonly by bacteria and rarely by other organisms. Infection may be acquired by hemetaogenous, contiguous, or by direct inoculation, and it is most commonly seen in older adults. The hematogenous cause is bimodal though (seen in infants and children). It can destroy bone if not caught, and is usually treated with IV antibiotics

Front 51

osteoporosis

Back 51

a multifactorial skeletal disease characterized by severe bone loss and the disruption of skeletal micro-architecture sufficient to predispose to atraumatic fractures. The bones are becoming more porous due to bone loss. Most common in Caucasian and Asian women and is commonly found postmenopausally.

Front 52

talipes

Back 52

congenital abnormality of the foot, resulting in a club foot. This is due to uneven tendon length in the ankle, resulting in the foot being rotated in.

Front 53

ankylosing spondylitis

Back 53

a chronic, usually progressive condition in which inflammatory changes and new bone formations occur at the attachment of tendons and ligaments to bone. This results in the stiffening of the bone, classically known as bamboo spine. It starts at the sacroiliac joint, but can involve the entire spine. Caucasian men are at higher risk, and symptoms begin in the early 20s.

Front 54

gout

Back 54

inflammatory reaction to urate crystal in joints, bones, and subcutaneous structures. Predominate age is between 30-60, and is more common in males than females. The most common location is the big toe (podagra). Recurrent attacks last longer and occur more frequently with each recurrence.

Front 55

podagra

Back 55

gout of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in the big toe

Front 56

osteoarthritis (OA)

Back 56

involves the progressive loss of articular cartilage and reactive changes at joint margins and in subchondral bone. This is the most common form of joint disease. Prominent age is over 40, and it is the leading cause of disability in those over 65. Equal in men and women

Front 57

Heberden's node

Back 57

a knobby node resulting from the enlargement of the distal interphalangeal joint of the hand. Commonly seen in osteoarthritis.

Front 58

Bouchard's node

Back 58

a knobby node resulting form the enlargement of the proximal interphalangeal node. This is seen in both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Front 59

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Back 59

a chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology with a predilection for joint involvement. The body is attacking the joint. It can cause other problems other than joints, and is typically bilateral. Women are affected twice as often as men (ages 30-60)

Front 60

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 60

most common cause of peripheral nerve compression, resulting in the compression of the median nerve as it traverses the carpal tunnel in the wrist and hand. More common in females than males, and the symptoms tend to affect the dominant hand. Tinel's and Phalen's signs are classic tests. Symptoms affect the palmar side (excluding the pinky) and the dorsal side for the index and middle finger.

Front 61

Tinel's signs

Back 61

a test for carpal tunnel syndrome. When tapping the median nerve, it is reproduces symptoms, it is positive

Front 62

Phalen's test

Back 62

a test for carpal tunnel syndrome where the hands are placed back together and the elbows are forced down to cause compression on the median nerve. If symptoms are reproduced, it is positive.

Front 63

dislocation

Back 63

displacement of a bone from its joint. Commonly found in the acromioclavicular joint, the shoulder, and the hip.

Front 64

reduction

Back 64

restoration of the bones normal positions after a dislocation

Front 65

subluxation

Back 65

a partial or incomplete dislocation

Front 66

ganglion

Back 66

a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon. Most commonly found in the wrist and has an unknown etiology. Does not usually require treatment.

Front 67

herniated disc/herniated nucleus propulsus (HNP)

Back 67

an abnormal protrusion of a fibrocartilagnious intervertebral disc into the neural canal or spinal canala

Front 68

Lyme disease

Back 68

a multisystem infection caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted primarily by Ixodid ticks. Disease consists of three stages

Front 69

Stage I

Back 69

stage of Lyme disease where there is the erythema migrans rash and flu-like symptoms

Front 70

Stage II

Back 70

stage of Lyme disease that affects one or more organ systems (neuro 15% and cardiac 8%)

Front 71

Stage III

Back 71

stage of Lyme disease that causes chronic arthritis and neurologic syndromes

Front 72

sprain

Back 72

an injury to the ligaments around a joint. When they are stretched too far or tears, the joint becomes painful and will swell

Front 73

ligaments

Back 73

strong, flexible fibers that hold bones together

Front 74

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Back 74

multisystem, autoimmune inflammatory condition characterized by a fluctuating chronic course. Most commonly found between the ages of 30-50, and is MUCH more common in women (10:1)

Front 75

muscular dystrophy

Back 75

an inherited progressive diseases of muscle with wide ranges of clinical expression. Fat replaces functional muscle cells, leading to motor dysfunction, muscle weakness, and muscle atrophy.

Front 76

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Back 76

most common type of muscular dystrophy

Front 77

polymyositis

Back 77

a systemic connective tissue disease characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in proximal muscles sometimes accompanied by a characteristic skin rash (dermatomyositis)

Front 78

dermatomyositis

Back 78

characteristic skin rash of polymyositis. To diagnosis this, you need a skin or muscle biopsy.

Front 79

arthrocentesis

Back 79

a procedure in which a needle is inserted into a joint in order to remove fluid. Usually has two purposes: therapeutic and diagnostic

1. The removal of excess fluid usually decreases symptoms of pain and improve joint mobility

2. The fluid removed can be used as an diagnostic of a certain problem

Front 80

arthrography

Back 80

the radiographic examination of a joint after the injection of a dye-like contrast material and/or air to outline the soft tissue and joint structures on the images

Front 81

arthroplasty

Back 81

operation for the construction of a new moveable joint. Almost always confined to the shoulder, elbow, the hip, the knee, certain joints in the hand, and the metatarso-phalangeal joints in the foot. There are three methods in general use.

Front 82

excision arthroplasty

Back 82

an arthroplasty where they remove the piece of the joint that is damaged

Front 83

half-joint replacement arthroplasty

Back 83

an arthroplasty where only part of the joint is replaced. Often done with the shoulder

Front 84

total replacement

Back 84

an arthroplasty where the entire joint is removed and replaced. This is what is usually referenced when mentioning an arthroplasty

Front 85

arthroscopy

Back 85

the visual examination of the interior of joints with special surgical instruments

Front 86

bone density

Back 86

the density of the bone, and it is used to determine osteoporosis and osteopenia

Front 87

dual-energy absorptiometry (DEXA/DXA)

Back 87

the most common and preferred method of measuring bone mineral density because of its precision and low radiation exposure. It can assess fracture risk with ease and patient comfort. Test scores are reported with a T-score and a Z-score

Front 88

T-score

Back 88

the number of standard deviations for the patient compared with normal young adults with mean peak bone mass. Fracture risk increases 1.5 to 2.5 times for every standard deviation

Front 89

Z-score

Back 89

the number of standard deviations for the patient compared with normal persons in the same age category

Front 90

bone scan

Back 90

a nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown. It can be done to evaluate damage to the bones, detect cancer that has metastasized to the bones, and monitor conditions that can affect the bones. It can detect a problem days to months earlier than a regular X-ray

Front 91

electromyography (EMG)

Back 91

a test that assesses the health of the muscles and the nerves controlling the muscles

1. A needle is inserted through the skin into the muscle

2. Electrical activity is detected by the electrode is displayed on an oscilloscope

3. The patient is asked to contract the muscle

4. The presence, size, and shape of the wave form (action potential) provide information about the ability of the muscle to respond when the nerves are stimulated

Front 92

muscle biopsy

Back 92

a biopsy of muscle that plays an integral role in the evaluation of the patient with a neuromuscular disease. It is an essential element in the assessment of a patient with suspected myopathy