Chapter 15

Front 1

The conversion from short term memory to long term.

Back 1

Memory consolidation

Front 2

A state of unconsciousness where a person cannot be awakened, even by strong stimuli.

Back 2

Comatose

Front 3

A state of unconsciousness where you can be awakened by normal sensory stimuli.

Back 3

Sleep

Front 4

The splanchnic nerves innervates 3 collateral ganglia:

Back 4

Celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion

Front 5

Postganglionic fibers that innervate the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.

Back 5

Celiac ganglion

Front 6

Postganglionic fibers that innervate the small intestine and the initial segment of the large intestine.

Back 6

Superior mesenteric ganglion

Front 7

Postganglionic fibers that innervate the terminal largeintestine, kidneys, urinary bladder, and sex organs (sympathetic innervation).

Back 7

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

Front 8

The abdominopelvic viscera is innervated by fibers that pass through the sympathetic chains synapsing. They synapse in separate _____ ______.

Back 8

Collateral ganglion

Front 9

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the _____ nerves, which lie in the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity.

Back 9

Splanchnic

Front 10

Your state of consciousness is determined by complex interactions between your ____ _____ and _____ _____.

Back 10

Brain stem, Cerebral cortex

Front 11

One of the most important brain stem components is a diffuse network in the ____ ____.

Back 11

Reticular formation

Front 12

If your ______ doesn’t “kick in”, you are said to be in a coma.

Back 12

Reticular activation system ( RAS)

Front 13

The sympathetic division is also called ______ division.

Back 13

Thorocolumbar

Front 14

Prepares the body for heightened levels of somatic activity. (fight of flight)

Back 14

Sympathetic division

Front 15

The parasympathetic division is also called the _____ division.

Back 15

Craniosacral

Front 16

Preganglionic fibers of the craniosacral division originate in the _____ _____ and _____. They (ganglia) are close to target organs.

Back 16

Brain stem, sacrum

Front 17

Inadequate dopamine production causes the motor problems of _____ disease.

Back 17

Parkinson’s

Front 18

Excessive dopamine production may be associated with _______.

Back 18

Schizophrenia

Front 19

Reduction in brain size and weight, as well as reduction in blood flow and the number of neurons are common ______ related anatomical changes.

Back 19

Age-related

Front 20

There are 2 classes of Sympatheic receptors.

Back 20

Alpha, Beta

Front 21

More common type of alpha receptor – releases intracellar calcium ions from reserves in the E.R.

Back 21

Alpha -1

Front 22

Stimulation receptors on the surface of smooth muscles- peripheral blood vessel constriction- closure of sphincters along the digestive tract.

Back 22

Alpha -1

Front 23

Division responsible for “restand repose/ relaxation”. It conserves energy and promotes sedentary activity.

Back 23

Parasympathetic

Front 24

Has preganglionic neurons located between segments (T1-L2) of the spinal cord? The ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia near the _____ _____.

Back 24

Sympathetic, Vertebral column

Front 25

Paravertebral ganglia, lateral ganglia, also known as _____ ____ _____ lie on both sides of the vertebral column.

Back 25

Sympathetic chain ganglion

Front 26

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the brain as components of cranial nerves ___ ___ ____ and ____.

Back 26

III Oculomotor, VII Facial, IX Glossopharyngeal, X Vagus

Front 27

These fibers synapse in the ____ ____ _____ and ____ ganglia.

Back 27

Ciliary, Sphenopalatine, Submandibular, and Otic ganglion

Front 28

In general _____ stimulates alpha receptors more than it does beta receptors, whereas _____ stimulates both classes of receptors.

Back 28

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

Front 29

There are 2 major types of beta receptors.

Back 29

Beta-1, Beta-2

Front 30

Stimulates receptors in the heart, causing increase heart rate and force contraction.

Back 30

Beta-1

Front 31

Causes inhibition, triggering relaxation of smooth muscles in respiratory tract making breathing easier.

Back 31

Beta-2

Front 32

Sympathetic activation is controlled by sympathetic centers in the _____. The effects are not limited to peripheral tissues; Sympathetic activation also alters _____ activity.

Back 32

Hypothalamus, CNS

Front 33

The visceral motor neurons are in the CNS and the axons of these neurons are called ____ fibers.

Back 33

Preganglionic

Front 34

The ANS is subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions. The ______ division predominates under resting conditions, and the ______ division “kicks in” only during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency.

Back 34

Parasympathetic, Sympathetic

Front 35

The _____ nerve alone provides aprox. 75% of all parasympathetic outflows.

Back 35

Vagus

Front 36

The preganglionic fibers form distinct _____ nerves, which innervate ganglia in the walls of the kidneys, bladder, terminal large intestine and sex organs.

Back 36

Pelvic nerves

Front 37

The sympathetic division has ganglionic neurons that occur in 3 locations.

Back 37

Sympathetic chain ganglia, collateral ganglia, adrenal ganglia

Front 38

The collateral ganglia are also known as _____.

Back 38

Prevertebral ganglia

Front 39

The sympathetic cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are situated in the ____ gray horns, and their axons enter the _____ roots of these segments.

Back 39

Lateral, Ventral

Front 40

Drug that is clinically useful for treating chronic high blood pressure and other forms of cardiovascular diseases.

Back 40

Beta-blockers

Front 41

Drug that targets the muscarinic receptors at neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions; often used to control diarrhea and cramps associated with various forms of food poisoning.

Back 41

Parasympathetic blocking agents

Front 42

Routine homeostatic adjustments in physiological systems are made by the _____ _____ _____.

Back 42

ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)

Front 43

Both ANS and SNS are ______ divisions that carry motor commands.

Back 43

Efferent

Front 44

The ____ controls skeletal muscles and the ____ controls visceral effectors.

Back 44

SNS, Somatic Nervous System, ANS, Autonomic Nervous System

Front 45

Drugs that achieve same effect as your sympathetic ANS are called ______.

Back 45

Sympathomimetic drugs

Front 46

There drugs reduce nasal congestion by dilation of the respiratory passageways, or in drops to dilate the pupil.

Back 46

Sympathomimetic drugs

Front 47

Activation of _____ is controlled by centers in the brain stem that deal with visceral functioning.

Back 47

ANS

Front 48

The cholinergic receptor ______ is responsible for opening of the chemically regulated sodium channels.

Back 48

Nicotinic

Front 49

The neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medullae secrete the neurotransmitters ______ and _______. Epinephrine, or _______ accounts for 75-80% of the secretory output, the rest is Ne.

Back 49

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Adrenoline

Front 50

Preganglionic neurons limited to _____ have both mylenated pre ______ and unmyelinated post ______.

Back 50

(T1-L2), White Rami, Gray Rami

Front 51

Aprox. ______ % of the axons in each spinal nerve is sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

Back 51

8

Front 52

What coordinates the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive functions?

Back 52

ANS

Front 53

Which division has short pre-ganglionic fibers?

Back 53

Sympathetic

Front 54

The abdominopelvic viscera receive sympathetic innervations by way of sympathetic preganglionic fibers that pass through the sympathetic chain (with or without) synapsing.

Back 54

Without

Front 55

A neurotransmitter always has a ______ effect of the ganglionic neurons.

Back 55

Excitatory

Front 56

Norepinephrine (NE) is either reused or broken down by what enzyme?

Back 56

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Front 57

Beta-3 is found in _____ _____ .

Back 57

Adipose Tissue

Front 58

The sympathetic division also includes nitroxidergic synapses, which release _____ _____ as a neurotransmitter.

Back 58

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Front 59

Effects produced by the parasympathetic division include relaxation, _____ processing, and ______ absorption.

Back 59

Food; Energy

Front 60

Organs that receive input from both systems; parasympathetic and sympathetic are called ______.

Back 60

Dual Innervation

Front 61

______ are extracellular accumulations of fibrillar proteins, surrounded by abnormal dendrites and axons.

Back 61

Plaques

Front 62

Drugs that bind to receptor sites, preventing a normal response to neurotransmitters r sympathomimetic drugs are called ______ ______ ______.

Back 62

Sympathetic Blocking Agents

Front 63

Even when stimuli are absent, autonomic motor neurons show a resting level of activation, the _____ _____.

Back 63

Autonomic Tone

Front 64

_____ _____ are long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime, such as your name.

Back 64

Tertiary Memories

Front 65

_____ _____ are long-term memories that fade with time and may require considerable effort to recall.

Back 65

Secondary Memories

Front 66

The _____ _____, a cerebral nucleus near the diencephalons, plays a role in memory storage and retrieval.

Back 66

Nucleus Basalis

Front 67

The loss of memory of past events is called _____ _____.

Back 67

Retrograde Amnesia

Front 68

______ is the loss of memory due to trauma or disease.

Back 68

Amnesia

Front 69

______ memories, are memories of specific bits of information, such as the color of a stop sign or the smell of a perfume.

Back 69

Fact Memories

Front 70

______ memories, are learned behaviors, like opening a screw-top jar. With repetition, theses memories become incorporated at the unconscious level.

Back 70

Skilled Memories

Front 71

The ______ ______ and the ______, two components of the limbic system are essential to memory consolidation.

Back 71

Amygdaloid; Hippocampus

Front 72

Most _____- term memories are stored in the cerebral cortex.

Back 72

Long- Term

Front 73

When CNS function becomes abnormal or depressed, the state of _____ can be affected.

Back 73

Wakefulness

Front 74

After many hours of activity, the reticular formation becomes _____ responsive to stimulation.

Back 74

Less

Front 75

Many neurons in the brain accumulate abnormal intracellular deposits, including lipofuscin and neurofibrillary tangles, due to _____.

Back 75

Aging