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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Foraging theory
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explores the foraging behavior of animals in relation to the metabolic payoff an animal receives when employing a number of different foraging options
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Optimal Foraging theory
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Individuals will maximize benefit to cost
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Costs
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Time/Energy spent locating/handling food
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Benefits
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Calories gained
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Search Image
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a cue that prey doesn't know it is giving off
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How can we reduce costs?
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Minimize time spent looking for and handling food
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The fastest eating animal
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Starnosed mole
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Optimal foraging
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Ex-Northwestern crows only choose large whelks/flew to 5m height/persisted in dropping until whelk broke
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What factors decide on whether an animal needs to leave the patch?
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Declining ability to catch food as bill fills up
Prey in patch becomes depleted Costs of travel to patch |
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Marginal Value Theorem
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Is one method for analyzing when it is optimal to leave patch
if patch is close to another, the bird should leave sooner than if the patch is farther away food density decreases as bird eats THus the use depends on the patch gain and therate of travel between patches |
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Risk Avoidance
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ex-leaf cutter ants
small ones forage during day and large ones forage during the night due to the parasitic fly laying eggs in larger ants heads |
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Game Theory
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ex. roseate terns catch fish by diving for them, but can also steal fish from successful birds
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Herbivores
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Roots
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Frugivores
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Fruit Eaters
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Foliovores
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leaf eaters
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omnivores
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eat everything
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Carnivores
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Eat meat
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Insectivores
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Insects
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Piscivores
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Eat fish
ex-baracuda |
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Detritovores
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Eat dead and decaying matter
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Defending a Territory
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defend a food source against potential competitors
Hummingbirds: abundant food-tolerate intruders Scarce food-evict intruders Canadian Geese: abundant food-evicts intruders Scarce food-evict intruders |
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Predatory Strategies
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Active Searching (foraging-usually more specialized)
Waiting for prey (lie in wait) |
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Active Searching
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Stalk and ambush
chase and pursuit intercept flight path exhaust prey tool use communal hunting (more complex) |
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Tool Use
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Tool using behavior has evolved several times in distantly related groups and allows the exploitation of otherwise inaccessible resources
1973-the use of physical objects, other than it's own body or appendages as a means of physical influence of that animal 2000-the modification of an object to fit a purpose 2009-they form it, keep it, and use it/combination of 1973 and 2000 ex. sea otters use rocks to open shellfish chimpanzees use twigs to access termites |
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Group Feeding
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recognize unexploited feeding areas more quickly
maximize coverage forage efficiently as each individual spends less time scanning for predators increase food capture efficiency |
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Social Carnivores
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Cooperative hunts twice as successful
group can drive other predators and scavengers from food rely on stalk and rush tactic |
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Prey Strategies
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Evasion
Alertness-highly developed sneses Protection-shells, bark, spines, thorns Camouflage Mimicry Chemical warfare Warning coloration behavioral strategies |
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Toxicity
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Give aposematic or warning coloration for predators to stay away
ex-posionous frogs -bombardier beetles spray quinones and hydrogen peroxide at boiling point (chemical warfare) |
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Deception
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eye spots startle pradators or direct attacks away from head
Mertensian mimicry Batesian mimicry Mullerian mimicry |
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Mertensian Mimicry
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harmless species resemble something dangerous
ex-coral snakes and some kingsnakes |
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Batesian Mimicry
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Edible or palatable species that resemble an inedible species
ex-syrphid fly and honeybee |
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Mullerian Mimicry
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two or more unpalatable species converge to look similar
ex-monarchs and viceroys |
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Distraction Displays
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The broken wing functions to distract predators from the nest or young
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Distraction Displays: purpose of flagging behavior in some mammals with white rump batches
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1. distracting predator from other members of group
2. warning other group members 3. confusing the predator when many group members display 4. signaling the predator that is has been detected 5. eliciting premature pursuit/indicating health |
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Types of Foraging
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Central Place- go to one place to eat
Patch selection- better for birds/optimize flying times/multiple locations leave some behind 3. optimal diet foraging-animal has choice of diet/go after the highest calories 4. Risk Sensitive-when an animal has something to lose -Risk prone: humming bird highest metabolism, they risk making the journey to find food -Risk adverse- don't take the chance/leaf cutter ants going out to cut/go out at night |
