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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the six features of an effective vaccine?
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Safe, protective, gives sustained protection, induces neutralizing Ab, induces protective T cells, practical.
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What three age groups most commonly receive vaccines?
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Newborn, Children, and the elderly
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What is a potential problem with giving vaccines to newborns?
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Immaturity of IR
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What type of vaccine should you never give a immunocompormised patient?
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Live vaccines
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Why should you not get a vaccine while you are pregnant?
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The virus may cross the placenta
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What is the mechanism of vaccine protection?
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Specific B and T cells are activated upon exposure to antigen and proliferate.
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What is immunologic memory?
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Second encounter with the same agent prompts a rapid and vigorous response. (This is the purpose of getting a vaccine)
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What are boosters?
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Another exposure to the antigen to raise protective antibody against the specific pathogen.
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What type of vaccine is a toxoid?
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Killed or non-viable
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What two ways can a killed vaccine be delivered?
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As whole protein organisms or a part of the organism.
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What are the four main types of vaccines?
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Killed, Live Attenuated, Recombinant DNA or DNA vaccines
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Does giving a killed whole organism or part organism vaccine generally produce more side effects?
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Whole
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What is a toxoid vaccine? Example?
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Inactivated toxin that is not harmful but retains antigenic properties. Tetanus, diptheria.
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What do subunit vaccines contain?
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Only the purified immunogenic portion of the microbe
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Explain how conjugate vaccines work.
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Polysaccharide antigen is conjugated with a toxin. Polysaccharide Ag are not presented well but the B cell can present the tetanus toxoid which can activate the Th cell specific for it from vaccination. The B cell will then produce Ab against the polysaccharide antigen because that is what was bound in the first place. The B cell acts like an APC to the T cell.
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Why are conjugate vaccines effective?
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Because Ab against these polysacharide outer capsules can protect via T-independant activation of B cells to produce opsonizing Ab. So by conjugating the capsules, the cell is essentially "tricked" into making Ab for that capsule and not the toxin.
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How are live attenuated vaccines created?
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They are grown on non-human cell lines so that the virus mutates to allow tit to grow well in the new host. they are then given as a vaccine to humans and are no longer dangerous cause they cant grow well in human cells but still provide the immunity.
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What type of vaccines are the most potent?
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Live attenuated
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What is an advantage of live attenuated vaccines?
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Strong IR, and can induce CD8 T cells, which mimic natural infection.
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What is a disadvantage of live attn vaccines?
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Immunocomproamised patients, it can revert back to pathogenic form.
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How can genetic engineering be used to create a vaccine?
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The virulence gene can be isolated and deleted and teh resulting virus is viable and immunogenic, but avirulent.
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What are recombinant DNA vaccines?
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Insert genes for specific antigens into non-virulent viral or bacterial organisms.
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Which vaccines use the gene gun?
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DNA vaccines
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What are the antigen genes coated onto in DNA vaccines?
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Gold particles
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What are adjuvants used for?
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To enhance the immunity of antigens in a vaccine
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What type of vaccines are not very immunogenic and thus commonly require adjuvants?
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Killes, non-viable vaccines.
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What are parenteral immunizations?
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Anything that is injected.
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What is an example of an oral mucosal immunization?
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Polio
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What is an example of an intranasal immunization?
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Influenza
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