Chapter 14: The Latin West

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historians name for the territories of europe that adhere to the latin rite of christianity and used the latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500

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Latin West

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a rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and the other lies fallow. it gradually replaced the two field system in medieval europe.

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Three-field system

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an outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, north Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of people

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Black Death

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a mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. it was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in europe from 1200-1900.

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water Wheel

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an economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the 14th century

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Hanseatic league

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in medieval europe, and association of men, such as merchants, arisans, or rofessors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their eonomic and political interests. Guilds were also important in other societies such as the ottoman and safavid empires.

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guild

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large churches originating in twelfth century france; built in an architectural style featuring large stained-glass windows

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gothic cathedral

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a period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. usually dividedd into an italian renaissance, from roughly the mid fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a northern renaissance, from roughly the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century

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renaissance

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degree-granting institutions of higher learning. those that appeared in latin west from about 1200 onward became the model for all modern universities

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universities

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a philosophical and theologican system, associated with thomas aquinas, devised to reconcile aristotelian philosophy and roman catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

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scholasticism

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european scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the sudy of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy) influential in the fifteenth century and later.

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humanists

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a mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a wood block to paper using ink.

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printing press

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a division in latin christian churches between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in rome and avignon.

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great western schism

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series of campaigns over control of the throne of france, involving english and french royal familes and french noble families.

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hundred years war

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historians term for the monarchies in france, england, and spain from 1450 to 1600. the centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits

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new monarchies

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beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various iberian christian states to recapture territory taken by muslims. in 1492 the last muslim ruler was defeated, and spain and portugal emerged as united kingdoms

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reconquest