Chapter 14 Test Vovab History Honors

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William the Conqueror

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duke of Normandy.As King Edward's cousin, William claimed the English crown and invaded England with a Norman army. William's rival was Harold Godwinson, the Anglo-Saxon who claimed the throne. Harold was equally ambitious.
After his victory, William declared all England his personal property. William kept about one-fifth of England for himself. The English lords who supported Harold lost their lands. William then granted their lands to about 200 Norman lords who swore oaths of loyalty to him personally. By doing this, William unified control of the lands and laid the foundation for centralized government in England.

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Henry II

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married Eleanor of Aquitaine from France.The marriage brought Henry a large territory in France called Aquitaine. He added Aquitaine to the lands in Normandy he had already inherited from William the Conqueror. Because Henry held lands in France, he was a vassal to the French king. But he was also a king in his own right.

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common law

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a unified body of law formed from rulings of England's royal judges that serves as the basis for law in many englsih-speaking countires today including the UNited States.

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magna carta

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Great Carta" a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in A.D. 1215

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Parliment

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a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

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Huge Capet

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an undistinguished duke from the middle of France, succeeded him. The Capet family ruled only a small territory, but at its heart stood Paris. Hugh Capet began the Capetian dynasty of French kings that ruled France from 987 to 1328.Hugh Capet, his son, and his grandson all were weak rulers, but time and geography favored the Capetians. Their territory, though small, sat astride important trade routes in northern France. For 300 years, Capetian kings tightened their grip on this strategic area. The power of the king gradually spread outward from Paris. Eventually, the growth of royal power would unite France.

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Philip II

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One of the most powerful Capetians. set out to weaken the power of the English kings in France. Philip was crafty, unprincipled, and willing to do whatever was necessary to achieve his goals.
Philip had little success against Henry II or Henry's son, Richard the Lion—Hearted. However, when King John, Richard's brother, gained the English throne, it was another matter. Philip earned the name Augustus (from the Latin word meaning "majestic"), probably because he greatly increased the territory of France. He seized Normandy from King John in 1204 and within two years had gained other territory. By the end of Philip's reign, he had tripled the lands under his direct control. For the first time, a French king had become more powerful than any of his vassals.
Philip II not only wanted more land, he also wanted a stronger central government. He established royal officials called bailiffs. They were sent from Paris to every district in the kingdom to preside over the king's courts and to collect the king's taxes.

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Estates-General

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an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates or socail classes in France

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Avignon

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where Clement V, the newly selected pope, moved from Rome to the city in France. Popes would live there for the next 69 years.

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Great Schism

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a division in the medieval Roman Cathlic Church, during which rival popes were established in Avignon and in Rome

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John Wycliffe

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He preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church. He was much offended by the worldliness and wealth many clergy displayed. Wycliffe believed that the clergy should own no land or wealth. Wycliffe also taught that the Bible alone-not the pope-was the final authority for Christian life. He helped spread this idea by inspiring an English translation of the New Testament of the Bible.

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Jan Hus

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Influenced by Wycliffe's writing Jan Hus , a professor in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic), taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope. Hus was excommunicated in 1412. In 1414, he was seized by Church leaders, tried as a heretic, and then burned at the stake in 1415.

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Bubonic plague

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a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people

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Hundred Years' war

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a conflict which england and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453

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Longbow

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it changes warfare. The English introduced the longbow and demonstrated its power in three significant battles: Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt.The longbow, not chivalry, had won the day. The mounted, heavily armored medieval knight was soon to become extinct.

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Joan of Arc

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in 1429, a teenage French peasant girl named Joan of Arc felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors. When Joan was just 13 she began to have visions and hear what she believed were voices of the saints. They urged her to drive the English from France and give the French crown to France's true king, Charles VII, son of Charles VI.
On May 7, 1429, Joan led the French army into battle at a fort city near Orléans. The fort blocked the road to Orléans. It was a hard-fought battle for both sides. The French finally retreated in despair. Suddenly, Joan and a few soldiers charged back toward the fort. The entire French army stormed after her. The siege of Orléans was broken. Joan of Arc guided the French onto the path of victory.
After that victory, Joan persuaded Charles to go with her to Reims. There he was crowned king on July 17, 1429. In 1430, the Burgundians, England's allies, captured Joan in battle. They turned her over to the English. The English, in turn, handed her over to Church authorities to stand trial. Although the French king Charles VII owed his crown to Joan, he did nothing to rescue her. Condemned as a witch and a heretic because of her claim to hear voices, Joan was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431.

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Impact of the Hundred Years' war

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• A feeling of nationalism emerged in England and France. Now people thought of the king as a national leader, fighting for the glory of the country, not simply a feudal lord.
• The power and prestige of the French monarch increased.
• The English suffered a period of internal turmoil known as the War of the Roses, in which two noble houses fought for the throne

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Effects of the Plague

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The economic and social effects of the plague were enormous. The old manorial system began to crumble. Some of the changes that occurred included these: • Town populations fell.
• Trade declined. Prices rose.
• The serfs left the manor in search of better wages.
• Nobles fiercely resisted peasant demands for higher wages, causing peasant revolts in England, France, Italy, and Belgium.
• Jews were blamed for bringing on the plague. All over Europe, Jews were driven from their homes or, worse, massacred.
• The Church suffered a loss of prestige when its prayers failed to stop the onslaught of the bubonic plague and priests abandoned their duties.
The bubonic plague and its aftermath disrupted medieval society, hastening changes that were already in the making. The society of the Middle Ages was collapsing. The century of war between England and France was that society's final death struggle.