Chapter 14: Reproductive System

Front 1

Apgar score

Back 1

Is a scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. The newborn is evaluated by assigning numerical values (0-2) to each of five criteria: (1) heart rate, (2) respiratory effort, (3) muscle tone, (4) response stimulation, and (5) skin color. A total score of 8-10 indicates the best possible condition.

Front 2

Amenorrhea

Back 2

Is an abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more. (A- means without, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge) This condition which is normal only before puberty, during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, and after menopause, can be caused by stress, hormonal problems, poor nutrition, or excessive exercise.

Front 3

Amniocentesis

Back 3

Is a surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid. (Amnio means amnion and fetal membrane, and -centesis means surgical puncture to remove fluid) This specimen, which Is usually obtained after the 14th week of pregnancy. Is used to elevate fetal health and to diagnose certain congenital disorders.

Front 4

Azoospermia

Back 4

Is the absence of sperm in the semen. (A- means without, zoo means life, sperm means sperm, and -ia means abnormal condition)

Front 5

Cervical dysplasia

Back 5

Is the presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix. Without early detection and treatment, these cells can become malignant.

Front 6

Chlamydia

Back 6

Which is caused by the bacterium chlamydia treachomatis, is the most commonly reported STD in the United States. It is highly contagious and requires early treatment with antibiotics. In females, chlamydia can damage the reproductive organs. Even though symptoms are usually mild or absent, serious complications can cause irreversible damage, including infertility. In males is one of the causes urethritis.

Front 7

Dysmenorrhea

Back 7

Is pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period. (Dys- means bad, men/o means menstration, and -rrhea means flow or discharge) this pain, which occurs in the lower abdomen, can be sharp, intermittent, dull, or aching.

Front 8

Fibroadenoma

Back 8

Is a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissues in the breast. These masses, which can grow to the size of small plum, are benign and usually painless. Fibroadenomas often enlarge during pregnancy and shrink during menopause.

Front 9

Galactorrhea

Back 9

Is the production of breast milk in a woman who is not breastfeeding. (Galact/o means milk, and -rrhea means flow or discharge) This condition is caused by a malfunction of the thyroid or pituitary gland.

Front 10

Gonorrhea

Back 10

Is a highly contagious condition caused by the bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae. In women, this condition affects the cervix, uterus, and Fallopian tubes. In men, it affects the urethra by causing painful urination and abnormal discharge. It can also affect the mouth, throat, and anus of both men and women.

Front 11

Menarche

Back 11

Is the beginning of the menstrual function. (Men means mentruation, and -arche means beginning.) this function begins after the maturation that occurs during puberty. In the United States the average age is 12.

Front 12

Menometrorrhagia

Back 12

Also known as intermensrual bleeding, is excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals. (Men/o means menstruation, metr/o means uterus, and -rrhagia means abnormal bleeding)

Front 13

Neonate

Back 13

The newborn infant is known as a neonate during the first 4 weeks after birth.

Front 14

Nulligravida

Back 14

Is a woman who has never been pregnant. (Nulli- means none, and -gravida means pregnant) compare with nullipara.

Front 15

Nullipara

Back 15

Is a woman who has never borne a viable child. (Nulli- means none, and -para means to bring forth) compare with nulligravida.

Front 16

Obstetrician

Back 16

Or OB,is a physician who specialized in providing medical care to woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter. This specialty is referred to as obstetrics.

Front 17

Oligomenorrhea

Back 17

Is the term used to describe infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods (olig/o means scanty, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). Oligomenorrhea is the opposite of polymenorrhea.

Front 18

Oophorectomy

Back 18

Aka ovariectomy, is the surgical removal of one or both ovaries (oomph or means ovary, and -ectomy means surgical removal). If both ovaries are removed in premenopausal women, the patient experiences surgical menopause.

Front 19

Polycystic ovary (syndrome)

Back 19

Aka PCOS, is a condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles.

Front 20

Varicocele

Back 20

Is a knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum (varic/o means varicose veins, and
-cele means hernia or swelling). Varicose veins are abnormally swollen veins.