Chapter 14 - Pursuit Of Power

Front 1

absolute power

Back 1

Unlimited and unrestrained power

Front 2

divine right

Back 2

Belief that the king was established by God and therefore had absolute power and was not bound by human law

Front 3

intendents

Back 3

Officials directly responsible to the French king

Front 4

Frondes

Back 4

French political upheavals between 1648 and 1653 aimed at challenging the power of the king; last serious attempt to limit the power of the king until the French revolution

Front 5

Lieutenants

Back 5

French officers responsible to the king by whom the king gained control of the army

Front 6

Junkers

Back 6

Prussian nobility who worked closely with the electors in governing the country and serving as officers in the Prussian army

Front 7

czar

Back 7

Emperor of Russia; comes from the word caesar

Front 8

Roundheads

Back 8

Supporters of Parliament in the English Civil War

Front 9

Cavaliers

Back 9

Supporters of the king in the English Civil War

Front 10

cabinet government

Back 10

A group of advisors to the English king who met to discuss matters of state

Front 11

balance of power

Back 11

The goal of European nations to ensure that no nation would dominate Europe; involved the formation of alliances

Front 12

status quo ante bellum

Back 12

The way things were before the war

Front 13

Diplomatic Revolution

Back 13

Radical changes in traditional European alliances prior to the Seven Years' War

Front 14

Thirty Years' War

Back 14

The last great religious war fought in Europe; won by the Protestants with France's aid

Front 15

Versailles

Back 15

opulent Palace of Louis XIV; twelve miles southwest of Paris

Front 16

Petition of Right

Back 16

Document that Parliament sent to Charles I which stated that the king did not have the right to make people pay taxes without parliamentary consent and that Parliament would not tolerate arbitrary imprisonment of any subjects

Front 17

Protectorate

Back 17

English government established by Oliver Cromwell

Front 18

Habeas Corpus Act

Back 18

Made it illegal for the British government to arbitrarily hold someone in jail

Front 19

Glorious Revolution

Back 19

Peaceful revolution in which Parliament dethroned James II and installed William and Mary as co-rulers

Front 20

Bill of Rights

Back 20

(1) 1689 English document that limited royal power, established certain civil liberties, and forbade future kings or queens from being Roman Catholics

Front 21

Act of Settlement

Back 21

Act of Parliament that established its right to grant the throne to whomever it wished

Front 22

War of the Spanish Succession

Back 22

War between the Grand Alliance and Louis XIV over the succession to the throne of Spain

Front 23

Grand Alliance

Back 23

An alliance of European nations - especially England and the Netherlands - against Louis XIV of France

Front 24

War of the Austrian Succession

Back 24

Great Britain and Austria on the one side and Prussia, Spain, and France on the other; fought when Maria Theresa ascended the Austrian throne

Front 25

Pragmatic Sanction

Back 25

Agreement among European rulers to respect the territorial boundaries of Austria upon the as ascension of Maria Theresa

Front 26

Seven Years' War

Back 26

War with Britain and Prussia on one side and France, Rusia, and Austria on the other; won by Britain and Prussia- the part that was fought in North America was known as the French and Indian War

Front 27

Henry IV

Back 27

The Bourbon king who helped lay the foundation for absolutism in France by reducing the privileges of the nobility and increasing governmental control of the economy

Front 28

Louis XIII

Back 28

French king, son of Henry IV who appointed Cardinal Richelieu as his chief minister

Front 29

Cardinal Richelieu and Jules Mazarin

Back 29

Chief ministers under Louis XIII and Louis XIV who helped strengthen the power of France and the French monarchy

Front 30

Gustavus Adolphus

Back 30

King of Sweden who rescued the protestant cause in the Thirty Years' War

Front 31

Louis XIV

Back 31

King of France who was known as "the Sun God" and embodies the statement "I am the state"

Front 32

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Back 32

Appointed as ministry of finance by Louis XIV and brought the country of France from the brink of bankruptcy by encouraging commercial activity and economic self-sufficiency

Front 33

Frederick William

Back 33

The first important Prussian ruler; called"the Great Elector" because he was the most powerful of the German princes who elected the emperor

Front 34

Frederick William I

Back 34

Prussian ruler who firmly established Prussian absolutism; famous for saying "Salvation belongs to the Lord, everything else is my business"

Front 35

Joseph II

Back 35

Emperor of Austria who in the 18th century made a strong effort to create an absolutest state in Austria; He was co-ruler with his mother Maria Theresa

Front 36

Ivan IV

Back 36

Became the ruler of russia soon after Russia gained her independence from the Mongols; He expanded Russian territory and built the beautiful St. Basil's Cathedral; He was called "Ivan the Terrible: because he was a cruel tyrant

Front 37

Peter I (The Great)

Back 37

Czar of Russia attributed with bringing Russia forward by his westernizing and modernizing program he put in place. He tried to force Western ways upon his people by outlawing long beards and oriental costumes such as long robes on men.

Front 38

Catherine II (The Great)

Back 38

Empress of Russia, who was very ambitious and an absolutest at heart; she was an "enlightened" reformer and continued Russia's expansionist program.

Front 39

James I

Back 39

Son of Mary Stuart, he was King James VI of Scotland but became King James I of England when Elizabeth I died without an heir. This began the Stuart line of royalty in England. He commissioned the Bible being translated into the English language but expected everyone to conform to the Anglican church; He believed he was king by divine right.

Front 40

Charles I

Back 40

James's son, he inherited his father's political and religious views; He was king during the English Civil War, lost and was beheaded

Front 41

Oliver Cromwell

Back 41

Leader of the "Roundheads" who opposed the king's "Cavaliers" and led the Roundheads to victory over the king. He took the title Lord Protector, and established what is called the Protectorate to govern England after the demise of the king.

Front 42

Charles II

Back 42

After the Protectorate in England was dissolved, they returned to a monarchy, brought in Charles II, son of Charles I, to rule

Front 43

James II

Back 43

Brother of Charles II, ruled after his death; He was a Roman Catholic and a firm believer in absolutism; was run off by Parliament because of his beliefs

Front 44

William and Mary

Back 44

Parliament invited William the leader of Protestant netherlands and husband of James' daughter, Mary, to rule England

Front 45

Maria Theresa

Back 45

The Empress of Austria whose father, Charles IV, drew up a document, Pragmatic Sanction, and had Austria's neighbors sign it to respect the territorial boundaries of Austria allowing Maria theresa to rule in peace; also the mother of Joseph II Emperor of Austria

Front 46

William Pitt the Elder

Back 46

The British statesman who devised a system for winning the Seven Years' War for England by supplying Prussia with financial aid and using that nation to keep French troops occupied in Europe. Meanwhile, Britain would attempt to destroy French sea power, making it easier to defeat the French in North Americana and India