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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is one of the largest organs in the body?
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The Brain
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The adult brain weighs almost how many pounds?
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3lbs
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The adult brain is made up of about ____ neurons.
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100 Billion
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The brain functions in what matter?
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1-memory
2-emotions 3-decision making 4-behavior |
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The brain is supplied with blood from the _______________ which is located at the base of the brain.
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circle of wilis
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The brain represents only 2% of the weight of the body, but the brain uses about ___% of the oxygen and glucose that our bodies need.
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20%
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Oxygen deprivation for ___ minutes results in permanent injury.
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4 minutes
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The __________ protects the brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens by preventing passage of many substances from the blood into the brain tissue.
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blood-brain barrier
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__________ Junctions seal together the endothelial cells of the brain capillaris, which are also surrounded by a continuous basement membrane.
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Tight
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This barrier is also surrounded by _________ which allow some substances to pass through by not others.
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astrocytes
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______ and _______ cannot pass but alcohol but alcohol and anesthetics do pass.
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Proteins and antibiotics
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__________ is a clear lipuid which contains glucose, protiens, and ions.
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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CSF is made in the _________which are networks of capilllaries in the wall of the ventricles.
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choroid plexes
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The _________ cells in the capillaries form the CSF from blood plasma by filtration and secretion.These cellsproduce approximately 500ml per day.
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ependymal cells
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There is 80-150ml CSF which is held in cavities in the brain called_______.
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ventricles
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The CSF continuously circulates through the ___________ space (between arachnoid and pia mater) around the brain and spinal cord and through cavities in the brain and spinal cord.
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subarachnoid
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The CSF is constantly produced and reabsorbed through the ____ _____ and then returned to the venous system.
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arachnoid villi
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If the CSF drainage is blocked ______ developes.
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hydrocephalus
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_______ causes an increase in pressure due to blockage of draingae of the CSF due to tumor, or inflammation, developmental malformation, meningitis, hemorrahage, or injury..
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Hydrocephalus
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To treat hydrocephalus a neurosurgeon implants a ____ shunting the CSF to the veins of the neck or the abdomen.
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drain
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-sense of smell
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Olfactory
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-sense of vision
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Optic
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-raise eyelids, move eyes
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oculomotor
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-controls movement of the eye
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Trochlear
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-innervates teeth and skin of the face
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Trigeminal
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-controls movements of the eye
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Abducens
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-controls muscles of facial expressionandsecretionsof saliva and tears
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Facial
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-sense of hearing (vestibular) and equilbruim (cochlear)
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vestibulocohlear
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-controls taste,swallowing and salavation
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Glossopharyngeal
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-controls thoracic and abdominal organs
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vagus
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-controls swallowing and movements of the head and shoulders
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Accesssory
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-controls tongue movements during speech and swallowing
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Hypoglossal
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________ protection- it floats the brain and softens impact with bony.
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mechanical protection
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_______ protection- it maintains optimal ionic concentrations for action potentials.
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chemical protection
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________- it transports nutrients and waste products to and from the bloodstream.
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circulation
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-is made of a cerebral cortex of gray matter which sourrounds the white matter
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Cerebrum
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The cerebral cortex is 2-4mm thick and contains billions of cells. It is made of grooves called_____ and folds called_____ or big folds convolutions.
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Sulci-grooves
gyri-flolds |
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A deep fissure called the ______ fissure separates the cerebrum into right and left halves.
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longitudinal
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The ______ is a band of white matter connectiong the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
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corpus callosum
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List the four lobes that each hemisphere is didvided into...
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1-frontal
2-parietal 3-temporal 4-occipital |
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_______ lobes- motor areas control movements of voluntary skeleatal muscles. Association areas carry on higher intelllectual processes, concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, and judging consequences of behavior.
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Frontal
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________ lobes- sensory areas responsible for hearing
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Parietal
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__________lobes- sensory areas responsible for vision.
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Occipital
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-made of the thalamus and hypothalamus.
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Diencephalon
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-1.2" mass of gray matter in each half of the brain. It is a relay station for all sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, and other partsof the cerebrum. It allows for crude perception of pain temp. and pressure.
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Thalamus
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-is attached to the pituitary gland and is the major regulator of homeostasis. It regulates heart rate, movement of food throught the GI tract, and contraction of the urinary bladder, body temp., and sleep cycles.
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Hypothalamas
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The hypothalamas produces hormones to regulate the _________ gland which is the "master gland" of the body. It works with the limbic system to control feeling of rage, aggression, pain, pleasure, and sexual arousal.
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pituitary gland
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The _______ system is sometimes called the "emotional brain". It also regulates thirst and hunger
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limbic system
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-controls voluntary muscle contraction and posture and controls the sense of equilibrium.
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Cerebellum
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-connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord.
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Brain Stem
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______ area of ______ (crossing over of impulses from one side of the body to the other side of the brain), contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers and various nonvital reflex control centers.
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medulla oblongata
decusation |
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-regulates rate and depth of breathing. *** both the midbrain and the ____ regulate vital functions such as respiration and heart rate
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Pons
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-contains reflex centers that move the eyes and head and maintain posture.
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midbrain
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A hard blow to the back of the head may be fatal because it may damage the ______ and cause irregularities in breathing and heart rythm, or a loss of sensation or paralysis of the throat or tounge may result.
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medulla
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-made of scattered nuclei in the dedulla, pons, and midbrain
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Recticular formation
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The _____ _______ system alerts the cerebral cortex to sensory signals (sound of alarm, flash light, smoke, or intruder) to awaken from sleep. It also maintains consciousness and helps keep you awake with stimuli from ears.
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Reticular activating system
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-gray matter located deep within the cerebral hemisphers which acts as a relay sation for motor impulses originating in the cerebral cortex.
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Basal ganglia
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______ motor area- found in the frontal lobe and controls voluntary contractions of skeletal muscles on the other side.
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Primary motor area
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______ speech area- controls speaking and understanding language and is located in the left frontal lobe for 97% of the population.
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Broca speech area
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-an inablility of use or comprehend words. People with damage to Brocha's area may know what they wish to say but may be unable to do so.
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Aphasia
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- This test is used to detect brain waves which are millions of nerve action potentials in the cerebral cortex. Its used to diagnois epilepsy or brain death
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Electroenephalogram (EEG)
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List Brain waves
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1-Alpha-awake/resting
2-Beta-mental activity 3-Theta-emotional stress 4-Delta-deep sleep |
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_____ and the nervous system- There is a rapid increase in brain size due to an increase in the size of neurons, growth or neuroglia, myelination and development of dendritic braches.
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Aging and the nervous system
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From early childhood until death the brain wieght _______ until only 93% remains by age 80.
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declines
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The number of _____ contacts declines due to aging, processing of information diminishes, conduction of velocity decreases , voluntary motor movements slow down and reflexes slow down
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synaptic contacts
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- is the third leading cause of death after heart attacks and cancer. Risk factor for stroke include; high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and alcohol.
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Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
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There are two types of strokes that lead to oxygen depletion _______ & ______.
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1- Ischemic
2-hemorriagic |
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-is a stroke due to decreased blood flow.
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Ischemic
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-is a stroke due to ruptured blood vessel.
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hemorriagic
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-episode ot temporary cerebral dysfunction due to impaired blood flow to the brain. Symptoms are dizziness, slurred speech, numbness, paralysis on one side, double vision. It last 5-10 minutes and leaves no deficits. Treatment is asprin or anticoagulants, artery bypass graft or carotid endarterectomy (clean out the inside of the carotid)
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Transient Ischemic (TIA)
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________ disease is characterized by symptoms of dementia which include loss of reasoning, ability to read, write, talk, eat or walk. Afflicts 1% of population over 65. Due to a loss of neurons that release acetylcholine. Plaques of abnormal proteins develop outside the neurons and tangled protien filaments deveolp within the neurons. Risk factors include head injury or heredity. Possible prevention includes, estrogen, vitamin E, ibprifen, and ginko biloba.
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Alzheimers
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-abrupt temporary loss of consciousness. There is no visible brusing of the brain and the person may have post-tramatic amnesia.
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Concussion
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-visible bruising from torn blood vessels in the brain and may result in extended unconscuousness.q
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contussion
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-tearing the brain such as with trauma of gunshot. It results in ruptured large blood vesselsand an increase in intracranial pressure.
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Laceration
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