Chapter 14: Autonomic Nervous System

Front 1

The autonomic nervous system consists of motor neurons that

Back 1

innervate smooth, cardiac muscle and glands.

Front 2

The ANS consists of motor neurons that opperate via

Back 2

subconscious control

Front 3

What are the three ways the autonomic nervous system differs from the somatic nervous system

Back 3

-Effectors
-Efferent Pathways
-Tangent organ responses

Front 4

What are the effectors of the SNS

Back 4

skeletal muscles

Front 5

What are the effectors of the ANS (3)

Back 5

Caridiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands

Front 6

Axons of the ANS are a ______-______ chain

Back 6

Two neuron

Front 7

What is the first neruron of the ANS two neuron chain?

Back 7

preganglionic

Front 8

What is the second neuron of the ANS two neuron chain?

Back 8

postganglionic

Front 9

preganglionic neurons are...

Back 9

lightly myelinated

Front 10

postganglionic neurons extend...

Back 10

to an effector organ

Front 11

All somatic motor neurons release _______, which has an ________ effect

Back 11

-Acetylcholine
-Excitatory

Front 12

Which neuron release ACh, pre or postganglionic?

Back 12

Preganglionic

Front 13

What do postganglionic neurons release and what is the effect?

Back 13

-norepinephrine or ACh
-either excitatory or inhibitory

Front 14

ANS effect on the target organ

is dependent upon the ________ _________ and the _________ ___________ of the effector.

Back 14

-neurotransmitter released
-receptor type

Front 15

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Back 15

1. sympathetic
2. parasympathetic

Front 16

What does the sympathetic division of the ANS do?

Back 16

mobilizes the body during extreme situations (fright/flight)

Front 17

What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do?

Back 17

performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy (rest/digest)

Front 18

Which division of the ANS deals with the "D" activities, and what are these?

Back 18

-Parasympathetic
-digestion, defecation, and diuresis (Rest - Digest)

Front 19

What division of the ANS deals with the "A" activities, and what are these?

Back 19

-Sympathetic
-exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

Front 20

Which division of the ANS is the "Fight or Flight" division?

Back 20

-Sympathetic

Front 21

Sympathetic Division: Origin of Neurons

Back 21

-Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord

T1 - L2

Front 22

Sympathetic Division: Length of Neurons

Back 22

-Short preganglionic and long postganglionic

Front 23

Sympathetic Division: Location of Ganglia

Back 23

Close to the spinal cord

*Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia*

Front 24

Parasympathetic Divison: Origin of Neurons

Back 24

1. S2 - S4
2. Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, X

(craniosacral)

Front 25

Parasympathetic Divison: Length of Neurons

Back 25

Long preganglionic and short postganglionic

Front 26

Parasympathetic Divison: Location of Ganglia

Back 26

In the terminal ganglia, which are near or within the effector organs.

Front 27

What is the ganglion and effector organ of the occulomotor (III) nerve?

Back 27

-Ciliary
-Eye

Front 28

Which cranial nerve has the ganglion located within the walls of the target organs and what is the effector organs?

Back 28

-Vagus (X)
-Heart, lungs and most visceral organs

Front 29

What are the effector organs in the sacral division of the parasympathetic system?

Back 29

-Large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, and reproductive organs

Front 30

Sympathetic neurons produce the _______ ______ of the spinal cord.

Back 30

-Lateral Horns

Front 31

In a sympathetic outflow, preganglionic fibers pass through the ______ ________ _______ and _______ in the sympathetic trunk(paravertebral) ganglia.

Back 31

-White rami communicans
-Synapses

Front 32

Nerves from the T5-L2 form ________ nerves and synapses with ________ ganglia

Back 32

-Splanchnic
-collateral

Front 33

Postganglionic neurons innervate

Back 33

numerous organs of the body

Front 34

What ganglia forms part of the sympathetic trunk or chain?

Back 34

-Paravertebral ganglia

Front 35

Postganglionic axons enter the _______ rami via the ______ rami communicans

Back 35

-ventral
-gray

Front 36

Rami communicans are associated only with the ________ ________

Back 36

-sympathetic division

Front 37

Nerves of the thoracic _______ nerve pass directly to the _______ _______

Back 37

-Splanchnic
-Adrenal Medulla

Front 38

Upon stimulation, medullary cells secrete the hormones ________ and ________ into the blood.

Back 38

-norpinephrine
-epinephrine

Front 39

In visceral reflexes they are pathways are always __________ .

Back 39

-polysynaptic

Front 40

Visceral Reflexes: Afferent fibers are found in _______ and ________ nerves

Back 40

-Spinal and autonomic

Front 41

Pain stimuli arising from the _______ are perceived as _______ in origin.

Back 41

-Viscera
-Somatic

Front 42

Visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as _______ ______ fibers

Back 42

-Somatic pain

Front 43

What are the two major neurotransmitters of the ANS?

Back 43

-Acetylcholine (ACh)
-Norepinephrine (NE)

Front 44

ACh is released by all ________ neurons and all ________ ______ neurons.

Back 44

-preganglionic
-parasympathetic postganglionic

Front 45

Cholinergic Neurons release...

Back 45

ACh

Front 46

Adrenergic Neurons release...

Back 46

NE in sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

Front 47

Neurotransmitters effects can be ______ or ______ depending upon the receptor type.

Back 47

-excitatory or inhibitory

Front 48

The two types of receptors that bind ACh are...

Back 48

-nicotinic and muscarinic

Front 49

Nicotinic and muscarinic are named after drugs that

Back 49

bind to them and mimic ACh effects

Front 50

Nicotinic receptors are found on (3)

Back 50

-neuromuscular junctions
-postganglionic neurons
-hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla

Front 51

The effect of ACh binded to nicotinic receptors is always...

Back 51

-stimulatory

Front 52

The effect of ACh binding depends on the

Back 52

-receptor type of the target organ

Front 53

The two types of adrenergic receptors are

Back 53

alpha and beta

Front 54

Alpha 1 and Beta 1 receptors generally...

Back 54

"excite things"

Front 55

Alpha 2 and Beta 2 receptors generally...

Back 55

"relax things"

Front 56

Effects of Drugs: Atropine

Back 56

-blocks parasympathetic effects

Front 57

Effects of Drugs: Neostigmine

Back 57

-inhibits acetylcholinesterase and is used to treat myasthenia gravis

Front 58

Effects of Drugs: Tricyclic antidepressants

Back 58

prolong the activity of NE on postsynaptic membranes

Front 59

Effects of Drugs: Beta-blockers

Back 59

attach mainly to Beta receptors and reduce heart rate and prevent arrhythmias

Front 60

Interaction of the autonomic divisions results in ______ _______ that precisely control visceral activity

Back 60

-dynamic antagonisms

Front 61

Sympathetic Neurons

Back 61

-increase heart and respiratory rates, and inhibit digestion and elimination

Front 62

Parasympathetic Neurons

Back 62

-decrease heart and respiratory rates, and allow for digestion and the discarding of wastes

Front 63

The sympathetic division controls blood pressure and keeps the blood vessels in a

Back 63

continual state of partial constriction

Front 64

Whic type of drugs interfere with vasomotor fibers and are used to treat hypertension?

Back 64

Alpha-Blocker

Front 65

Drug that block parasympathetic responses

Back 65

-atropine

Front 66

Which 4 items are only innervated by the sympathetic system?

Back 66

1. adrenal medulla
2. sweat glands
3. arrector pili muscles
4. most blood vessels

Front 67

What three aspects does the sympathetic division control

Back 67

-thermoregulatory responses to hear
-release of renin from kindeys
-metabolic effects

Front 68

The parasympathetic division exerts

Back 68

short-lived, highly localized control

Front 69

The sympathetic divison exerts

Back 69

long-lasting, diffuse effects

Front 70

Sympathetic activation is long-lasting because NE is

Back 70

inactivated slower than ACh

Front 71

Effects of: Alpha 1 receptors (3)

Back 71

1. Vasoconstriction (vessels of non-exercising tissues
2. Pupil Dilation
3. Sphincter constriction (GI & Urinary

Front 72

Effects of: Alpha 2 receptors (1)

Back 72

Increased blood glucose

Front 73

Effects of: Beta 1 receptors (4)

Back 73

1. Heart muscle (increased contractility)
2. SA Node-regulates HR (Increased HR)
3. Adipocytes (mobilize fat - used for energy)
4. Kidneys (vasoconstriction)

Front 74

Effects of: Beta 2 receptors (3)

Back 74

1. Blood vessels of exercising tissues (vasodilation)
2. Bladder & GI organs (relax smooth muscle & inhibit urination/digestion)
3. Smooth muscle of airways (bronchodilation)

Front 75

The _____ rami communicans are unmyelinated.

Back 75

Gray

Front 76

Name the 3 autonomic plexuses..

Back 76

1. Cardiac Plexus
2. Pulmonary Plexus
3. Aortic Plexus

Front 77

This autonomic plexus is found in the base of the heart plus great vessels of the heart.

Back 77

Cardiac Plexus

Front 78

The pulmonary plexus is found...

Back 78

Posterior to the lungs

Front 79

The _____ plexus is found surrounding the aorta.

Back 79

Aortic Plexus

Front 80

______ cells reside within the adrenal medullae.

Back 80

Chromaffin Cells

Front 81

Chromaffin cells secrete _______.

Back 81

Catecholamines

Front 82

Name the 3 catecholamines:

Back 82

1. Epinepinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Dopamine

Front 83

_____ and ______ are types of cholinergic receptors.

Back 83

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

Front 84

Muscarinic receptors are present in...

Back 84

1. Smooth muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Glands

Front 85

A drug that binds to and activates a receptor is considered an ______.

Back 85

Agonist

Front 86

An agonist mimics...

Back 86

..the natural effect of the neurotransmitter or hormone.

Front 87

An example of an agonist drug is ________.

Back 87

Phenylephrine

Front 88

Phenylephrine activates...

Back 88

...alpha 1 receptors - cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels to nasal mucosa.

(used in cold medicines)

Front 89

An ________ drug binds to and blocks a receptor.

Back 89

Antagonist

Front 90

An example of an antagonist drug is________.

Back 90

Tamoxifen

Front 91

Tamoxifen binds to ....

Back 91

..estrogen receptors in breast tumors which prevents estrogen from binding and serving as "food" for the breast tumor.

Front 92

Organ systems that are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are considered _______ _______.

Back 92

Dual Innervated

Front 93

Name an example of autonomic reflex:

Back 93

Pupillary light reflex

Front 94

Integrating center for reflexes are the ________ and _______ _______.

Back 94

Hypothalamus and brain stem