Chapter 13 - Theories Of Personality

Front 1

Define *Personality*?

Back 1

A distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives and emotions that characterizes an individual through life.

Front 2

What is a *Trait*?

Back 2

A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

Front 3

What is an *Objective Test(Inventories)*?

Back 3

Standarized questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scale on which people are asked to rate themselves.

Front 4

What is a a *Central Trait*?

Back 4

Primary traits, normally 5 to 10, that reflect a characteristic way of behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new situations.

Front 5

Waht is a *Secondary Trait*?

Back 5

Traits that are more changeable, i.e. music preferences, habits, casual opinions, etc.

Front 6

What is *Factor Analysis*?

Back 6

A statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores; clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability (Factor).

Front 7

What are the *Big 5* factors of personality?

Back 7

1. Extroversion vs. introversion, 2. Neuroticism vs. emotional stability, 3. Agreeableness vs antagonism, 4. Conscientiousness versus impulsiveness, 5. Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience.

Front 8

Describe *Extroversion vs. Introversion*,

Back 8

The extent to which peopal are outgoing or shy.

Front 9

Describe *Neuroticism vs. Emotional Stability*?

Back 9

The extent to which a person suffers from such traits as anxiety, inability to control impulses, and a tendency to feel negative emotions i.e. anger, scorn, resentment.

Front 10

Describe "Agreeableness vs
Aantagonism"?

Back 10

Describes to the extent to which people are good-natured or irritable.

Front 11

Describe *Conscientiousness versus impulsiveness*:

Back 11

Describes the degree to which people are responsible or undependable.

Front 12

Describe *Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience*:

Back 12

Describes the extent to which people are curious, imaginative, questioning and creative, or conforming, unimaginative, predictable, and uncomfortable with novelty.

Front 13

What are *Temperaments*?

Back 13

Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways; they are present in infancy and are assumed to be innate.

Front 14

What is the *Nonshared Environment*?

Back 14

Unique aspects of a person's environment and experience that are not shared with family members.

Front 15

Define *Reciprocal determinism*:

Back 15

In social-cognitive theories, the two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits.

Front 16

*Culture* is?

Back 16

A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, adn attitudes shared by most members of that community.

Front 17

*Culture* is?

Back 17

A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, adn attitudes shared by most members of that community.

Front 18

What are *Individualist Cultures*?

Back 18

Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others.

Front 19

What are *Collective Cultures*?

Back 19

Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes.

Front 20

A *Monchronic* culture is?

Back 20

A culture in which time is organized sequentially; schedules and deadlines are valued over people.

Front 21

A *Polychronic Culture* is?

Back 21

A culture in which time is organized horizontally, people tend to do several things at once and value relationships over schedules.

Front 22

What is *Psychoanalysis*?`

Back 22

A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud; it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

Front 23

What are *Psychodynamic theories*?

Back 23

Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual.

Front 24

What is *Intrapsychic*?

Back 24

Within the mind (psyche) or self.

Front 25

In Frued's theory, personality consists of three major systems, what are they?

Back 25

The id, the ego, and the superego.

Front 26

What is *id*?

Back 26

The reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure.

Front 27

What is *Libido*?

Back 27

In psychoanalysis, the psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual energy of the id.

Front 28

What is *Ego*?

Back 28

In psychoanalysis, the part of the personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control.

Front 29

What is the *Superego*?

Back 29

In psychoanalysis, the part of the personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards.

Front 30

What are *Defense mechanisms*?

Back 30

Methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness.

Front 31

Waht are the six primary defenses?

Back 31

1. Repression, 2. Projection, 3. Displacement, 4. Reaction Formation, 5. Regression, 6. Denial

Front 32

*Repression* occurs when?

Back 32

A threatening idea, memory, or emotion is blocked from the consciousness.

Front 33

*Projection* occurs when?

Back 33

A person's own unacceptable or threatening feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else.

Front 34

*Displacement* occurs when?

Back 34

People direct their emotions (especially anger) toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings.

Front 35

*Reaction formation* occurs when?

Back 35

A feeling that produces unconscious anxiety is transformed into its opposite consciousness.

Front 36

*Regression* occurs when?

Back 36

A person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development.

Front 37

*Denial* occurs when?

Back 37

People refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening.

Front 38

What is an *Oepidus Complex*?

Back 38

In psychoanalysis, a conflict occurring in the phallic (Oedipal) stage, in which a child desires a parent of the opposite sex and views the same-sex parent as a rival.

Front 39

What is the *collective unconsciousness*?

Back 39

In Jungian theory, the universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in the symbols, stories, and images (archetypes) that occur across all cultures.

Front 40

What is an *Archetype*?

Back 40

Universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories and dreams; to Jungians, the represent the collect unconsciousness.

Front 41

What is the *Object-relations school*?

Back 41

A psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the infant's first two years of life and the baby's formative relationships, especially with the mother.

Front 42

The *Anima* represents the:

Back 42

feminine archetype in men.

Front 43

The *Animas* represents the:

Back 43

Masculine archetype in woman.

Front 44

What is *Unconditional positive regard*?

Back 44

To Carl Rogers, love or support given to another person with no conditions attached.