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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do the brain and spinal cord form?
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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List the Spinal cord function
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1-Spinal cord reflexes
2-Integration nerve impulses 3-Highway for upward and downward travel of sensory and motor information. |
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List the protective structures of the Spinal cord
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1-vertebral column
2-meninges 3-cerebrospinal fluid 4-vertebral(denticulate) ligaments |
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-bony vertebrae that protects the spinal cord. Spinal nerves exit at the intervertebral space
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Vertebral column
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-connective tissue coverings that encircle the brain and spinalcord.
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Meninges
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List the three meninges
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1-dura mater
2-arachnoid mater 3- pia mater |
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-("tough mother")- outer, tough meninx (singular).
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dura mater
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-(similar to a spider web)-made of a delicate spider web arrangement of collagen fibers. The area between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. It contains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is a fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord.
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arachoid mater
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-inner layer which directly covers the brain and spinal cord.
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pia mater
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-thickenings of the pia mater which suspend the spinal cord.
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denticulate ligaments
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External anatomy of the spinal cord
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1-Flattened cylinder,16-18" long and 3/4" in diameter
2-In the adult it ends at L2 and in newborns it ends at L4. 3-Growth of the cord stops at age 5. |
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Is the vertebral column part of the nervous system?
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No... It is part of the Skeletal system
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Nerves which control the upper limbs leave the spinal cord at the __________ vertebrae.
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cervical
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Nerves which control the lower limbs leave the spinal cord at the _______ vertebrae.
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lumbar
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-('Horse's tail")- nerves which leave the inferior part of the spinal cord do not travel straight out, but they hang from the end of the spinal cord like wisps of hair and look like a horse's tail.
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cuada equina
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31
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-are two bundles of axons which connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord.
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roots
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Posterior or dorsal root-contains only ___________ fibers, which conduct nerve impulses from the periphery into the CNS.
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increasing "sensory"
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Anterior or ventral root- contains axons of ________ neurons, which conduct impulses from the CNS to effector organs and cells.
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motor
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-(lumbar puncture)-local anethetic is given, and a long needle is inserted into the subaraachnoid space between L3-L5. The procedure samples CSF for diagnosis, measures CFS pressure. It can be used for injection of antibiotics, anesthetics, or chemotherapy.
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Spinal tap
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- anesthesia is injected into the outside dural space to block (numb) the spinal nerve.
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Epidural
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-matter is shaped like the letter H or a butterfly. It contains neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons and dendrites. It is surrounded by white matter.
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Grey matter
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The gray matter on each side of the spinal cord is divided into regions called_________.
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horns
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The _______ canal is located in the center of the gray matter and extends the entire length of the spinal cord and is filled with CSF.
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Central
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The spinal cord promotes___________ by conduction nerve impulses along tracts.
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homeostasis
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________, ___________, or _______ to a tract leads to a deficit of sensory or motor nerves.
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1-damage
2-trauma 3-disease (polio) |
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The sensory tracts ascend and are called_______.
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afferent
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The motor tracts descend and are called________.
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efferent
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-are automatic responses to changes in the enviroment.
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reflexes
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The ______ matter of the spinal cord is the integration center for spinal reflexes.
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grey matter
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_______ reflexes- result in skeletal muscle contraction.
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Somatic reflexes
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______ (visceral) reflexes- involve smooth cardiac muscle and glands. (HR, respiration, digestion, urination, etc)
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Automomic reflexes
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What does the reflex arc include?
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1-receptor
2-sensory neuron 3-integrating center 4-motor neuron 5-effector |
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________ reflex- controls muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force becomes so great that the tendon might be torn.
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Patellar tendon reflex
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The spinal nerves are________ nerves because they contain sensory and motor nerves within the same nerve. Each nerve has two connections to the cord: a posterior and an anterior root.
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mixed
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- a connnective tissue covering that wraps around each nerve fiber.
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endonerum
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- a connective tissue covering that surrounds a group of nerve fibers forming a fascicle.
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perinerium
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- a connective tissue covering that is the covering of the entire nerve.
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epinerium
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- branches of a nerve.
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rami
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- join together to form networks called plexuses.
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Nerve plexus
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Where are nerve plexuses found?
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1-neck
2-arm 3-low back 4-sacral regions |
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Are there any plexuses found in the thoracic region?
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No
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What do the cervical plexus supply?
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1-head
2-neck 3-shoulders |
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The _____ nerve keeps the diaphragm alive.
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Phrenic nerve
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Damage to the spinal cord above ____ causes respiratory arrest.
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C3
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The ______ plexus includes the nerves from C5-T1. It supplies the shoulder and arm.
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Brachial plexus
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The ______ plexus includes the sciatic nerve L4-S3. It supplies the posterior thigh and the area below the knee.
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Sacral plexus
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_______ pain occurs when pain extends from the buttock down the leg to the foot and may be a sign of a herniated disc in the area of L4-S3
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Sciatica
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-area of the skin that provides sensory input to one pair of spinal nerves or to caranial nerve V (for face).
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Dermatone
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Why is it important to know which spinal cord segments supply each dermatone?
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It makes it possible to located damaged regions of the spinal cord.
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What happens when the spinal cord is cut?
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There is a loss of snsation and motor control below the injury.
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-inflammation of the nerves caused by injury, vitiman deficiency, or poison.
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Neuritis
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-infection of peripheral nerve by chicken pox virus which causes severe pain, skin discoloration, and a line of skin blisters.
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Shingles
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-viral infection causing motor neuron death in the spinal cord and possible death from cardiac failure or respiratory arrest.
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Poliomyelitis
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