(Bm) Chapter 13: The Nervous System

Front 1

Soma

Back 1

The cell body of the Neuron. All cells structures are located in this part of the cell.

Front 2

Dnedrites

Back 2

One the cell body they take in information and send out information. They send information to the AXON HILLOCK which is an enlargement on the axon.

Front 3

Axon Hillock

Back 3

Connects to the Axon

Front 4

Axon

Back 4

Send out action potentials to the rest of the cell.

Front 5

Myelin Sheath

Back 5

Covers the axon and increases the rate at which signals are sent to other parts of the cell.

Front 6

Production of the Myelin Sheath

Back 6

In the CNS OLIGODENDROCYTES create the sheath and in the PNS SCHWANN CELLS create the sheath.

Front 7

Exposed sections of the mylein sheath

Back 7

Node of Ranvier

Front 8

End of the Axon

Back 8

Nerve Terminal

Front 9

Space between neruons

Back 9

Synaptic Cleft

Front 10

Where are neurotransmitters released from?

Back 10

Synaptic Cleft

Front 11

Action Potentials

Back 11

Electrtrical signals that transverse the axon and signal the release of neurotranmitters

Front 12

Potential Difference between the inside of the neuron and the extracellular memebrane

Back 12

-70mV

Front 13

How does the cell maintian a negative internal environment?

Back 13

Na+/K+ ATPase uses SELECTIVE PERMEABILTY to keep the insdie of the cells negative and the outside postive.

Front 14

What are the concentrations of the ion inside and outside of the cell?

Back 14

Inside of the neuron, the K+ ion is HIGH and on the outside of the neuron, the Na+ ion is HIGH.

Front 15

Movement of the K+ ion in keeping the inside of the cell negative.

Back 15

Since the neuron starts out at a 0 charge, the K+ ion will move out of the cell due to the NEGATIVELY CAHGED PROTEINS. Since the positive charge of the K+ is removed form the cell, the cell becomes negative. The reason why Na+ ion is on the outside of the cell is because the membrane is not permeable to the Na+ ion

Front 16

How does the Na+/K+ ATPase maintian the overall charge of the cell.

Back 16

The system is an active transport system. For every 2 K ions that make their way into the cell, 3 Na ions are removed from the cell

Front 17

Depolariozation

Back 17

As the AXON HILLOCK takes in information, one response the cell can have is to become LESS NEGATIVE. This will result in a signal being transmitted down the axon to the end of the cell.

Front 18

Hyperpolarization

Back 18

In this case the axon hillock will take in signals that will make the cell MORE NEGATIVE which means that the cell will not fire. This is an inhibitory function.

Front 19

Threshold Value

Back 19

The maximum value that the signal must have for the signal to be propagated down the axon.

Front 20

Voltage gated ion channels

Back 20

These ion channels deal with the K ion and the Na ion and will respond to the signal sent down the axon.

Front 21

Propagation of Signal Down the Axon

Back 21

When the signal moves down the axon, Na ion will rush into the cell making the cell positive. On a graph, when we see a spike in the postive charge on the inside of the cell, this is due to the influx of the Na → Aftet this the Na channels close → The K channels then open and k is driven out of the cell. this is an efflux of K ion from the cell → this will make the cell negative again and is called REPOLARIZTION.

Front 22

Diameter impact on the conduction of the signal down the axon.

Back 22

The greater the diameter the faster the signal is sent down the axon. The LONGER the axon, however, the greater resistance there is to the signal.

Front 23

Saltatory Conduction

Back 23

Since the ion channel only function at the nodes on the myelin sheath, the signal jumps from one node to the next speeding up the signal. Instead of traveling down the entire axon, the signal jumps from one node to the next.

Front 24

What part of the neron receives signals?

Back 24

Dendrites

Front 25

Presynaptic Terminal, Postsyanptic terminal

Back 25

The presynaptic terminal is the AXON TERMINAL while the post synaptic terminal is the DENDRITE

Front 26

Effector Cells

Back 26

A NEURON that directly impacts a GLAND OR MUSCLE

Front 27

Neurostransmitter Function

Back 27

The neurotransmitter are already concentrated in vesicles at the axon terminal and FUSE with the membrane to release their contents into the synaptic cleft.

Front 28

Two neurotransmitter removal methods

Back 28

Reuptake carriers which will recycle the transmitter and enzyme that will simply break the transmitters down.

Front 29

Chemical and Electrical signaling processes in the cell

Back 29

Chemical signaling occurs between cells like in the case of neurotransmitter while electrical signaling occurs when the signal moves down the axon.

Front 30

Afferent Neurons

Back 30

Neurons that carry signals TO TO TO TO TO the spinal cord and the brain

Front 31

Efferent Neurons

Back 31

Neurons that carry signals FROM FROM FROM FROM the brain to the PNS and the rest of the body

Front 32

Two parts of the Nervous System

Back 32

Central= Brain and Spinal cord
Peripheral = Somatic and Autonomic

Front 33

Two parts of the Autonomic Nervous Sytem

Back 33

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Front 34

Nerve

Back 34

Collections of Neurons that carry signals

Front 35

Three types of Nerves

Back 35

Sensory, Motor, and Mixed

Front 36

Concentration of Cell Bodies in the Peripheral Nervous System

Back 36

Just as the neurons will concentrate, the cell bodies wil do as well. Concentration of cell bodies in the PNS are called GANGLIA

Front 37

Concentration of the cell bodies in the Central Nervous System

Back 37

Nuceli

Front 38

Myelinated and UNmyelinate brain matter

Back 38

GRAY MATTER is UNmyelinated while WHITE MATTER is

Front 39

Three Divisions of the Brain

Back 39

Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain

Front 40

Two Divisions of the Forebrain

Back 40

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Front 41

Left and Right hemisphere

Back 41

Telencephalon

Front 42

Four Divisions of the Right and Left Hemisphere

Back 42

Frontal, Partietal, Occipetal, and Temporal Lobes

Front 43

Largest part of the telecephalon that is reponsible for the highest function including planning and creative thought.

Back 43

Cerebral Cortex

Front 44

Connects the Two Hemispheres

Back 44

Corpus Collosum

Front 45

Midbrain

Back 45

Serves a relay function between the forebrain and the other brain structures

Front 46

Three parts of the hind brain

Back 46

Cerebellum, Pons, and the medulla (brainstem).

Front 47

Cerebellum

Back 47

Ensures that motor functions are carried out throughout the body.

Front 48

Fours sections of the spinal cord (top to bottom)

Back 48

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral

Front 49

Portects the spinal Cord

Back 49

The Vertebral Column

Front 50

Dorsal Root Ganglia

Back 50

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons that bring back information from the periphery and enter the dorsal (back) of the spinal cord

Front 51

Does the spin have gray matter?

Back 51

Yes. It is buried deeper than the white matter.

Front 52

Damage to what part of the nervous system will affect voluntrary movement?

Back 52

Somatic Nervous system

Front 53

Two types of reflex arcs.

Back 53

Monosynatpic and Polysynaptic

Front 54

Monosynaptic Reflex Arc

Back 54

Where there is a only a single SYANPE between the sensory neuron the takes in the information and the motor neuron that responds. One example of the knee where the sensory neuron travels to the synapse and interfaces with the motor neuron that reacts

Front 55

Polysynaptic Reflex Arc

Back 55

Where there is one interneuron between sensory neuron that takes in the information and the motor neuron that responds to the stimuli. One example is the withdrawl refelx. In this reflex there needs to be a number of muscles and neurons that are recruited to keep the organism safe.

Front 56

Two Types of muscles that are innervated with with the autonomic nervous system

Back 56

Smooth (digestive system, endocrine system) and Cardiac muscle

Front 57

Two Types of cells that work in series with eachother in the Autonomic Nervous System

Back 57

Postganglionic Neuron and the Preganglionic Neuron.

Front 58

Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 58

Effects: Pupil dilation and muscle contraction.
Increases: breating rate, blood pressure, blood flow
Decreases: GI tract and Kidney activity

Front 59

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 59

Will counter all the effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System.

Front 60

What nerve from the brain controls the parasypathetic nervous system and what neurotransmitter does it use?

Back 60

Vagus nerve uses acetylcholine to controll the parasympathetic nervous system.

Front 61

Three types of sensory receptors

Back 61

Interoceptors, Proprioceptors, and Exteroceptors

Front 62

Interoceptors

Back 62

Moniter blood volume, blood pH, and CO2 levels

Front 63

Proprioceptors

Back 63

Detection of positon in the environment

Front 64

Exteroceptors

Back 64

Moniter sense of pain, taste, and light.

Front 65

Nociceptors

Back 65

Relays perception of pain to the brain.

Front 66

Part of the eye the covers exposed area.

Back 66

Sclera

Front 67

Supplies nutrients to the eye

Back 67

Choriod which is beneath the sclera

Front 68

Inner most layer that contains photoreceptors

Back 68

Retina

Front 69

Cornea

Back 69

Light FIRST passes through this structure which bends and focuses the light

Front 70

Pupil

Back 70

The second part of the eye that the light moves through

Front 71

Iris

Back 71

Adjusts the amount of light that enters the eye by ALTERING THE DIAMETER OF THE PUPIL

Front 72

Lens

Back 72

Does the final focusing of the light

Front 73

Controlls the thickness of the lens focusing the light which focuses the light on the retina

Back 73

Cilliary Muscles

Front 74

Two types of photoreceptors

Back 74

Rods and Cones

Front 75

Resposible for Low intensity illumination and black and white images

Back 75

Rods

Front 76

Single pigment used by rods

Back 76

Rhodopsin

Front 77

Path of light inside the Eye

Back 77

Photoreceptors → bipolar cells → retinal ganglion cells → optic nerve (bundle of the retinal ganglion cells)

Front 78

Two parts of the Outer Ear and function

Back 78

Auricle and Auditory Canal. These two structure funnel longitudinal waves into the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

Front 79

Middle Ear

Back 79

Tympanic Membrane and Ossicles

Front 80

Three Ossicles

Back 80

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

Front 81

Inner Ear

Back 81

Cochlea and Semicircular Canals

Front 82

What do the ossicles do?

Back 82

They transmit the vibrations of the tympanic membrane into the OVAL WINDOW. The movement of the oval window as a result of the vibrations of the ossicles create vibration n the inner ear the cause a DEPOLARIZATION of the hair cells of the cochlea

Front 83

Auditory Nerve

Back 83

The nerve that takes electrical signals from the ear and cochlea and transmits it to the brain.

Front 84

Semicircular Canal

Back 84

Responsible for balance. They are filled with ENDOLYMPTH which moves gravitationally with the body. The movement of the lympth move hairs on the inside of the canal which inform the brain where the body is.

Front 85

Olfaction

Back 85

Sense of smell. Olfactory receptors are located on the upper part of the nosril

Front 86

How do the olfactory receptors translate a odor into an electrical signal?

Back 86

Odors will bind to the cillia that project from the receptors which cause a depolarization which the brain translates as a smell

Front 87

Gustation

Back 87

Taste. Four types of taste that are interpreted by the taste buds. Taste haris on the surface of the bud will take in information about taste.