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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spinal Cord Function
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1. Involved in sensory and motor innervation of the entire body inferior to the head
2.Provides a 2way conduction pathway for signals between body and brian 3. Major center for reflex |
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White Matter of SC
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*composed of myelinated and unmyelinated aons *classified according to direction they run:
1. Ascending 2. Descending 3. Commissural Divided into 3 columns or "Funiculi": 1. Dorsal 2. Ventral 3. Lateral |
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Ascending
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*carry sensory info FROM sensory neurons of body UP to brain
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Descending
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*carry motor instructions FROM brain to SC (stimulate contraction of body's muscles and secretion from gland
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Commissural
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*Carry info from one side of SC to other
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Ventral and Lateral Funuli
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*continuous with eachother
*divided by imaginary line that extends out from ventral horn of gray matter *contain many fiber tracts |
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Dorsal Funiculi
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Contain Many fibor tracts
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Fiber tracts
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*each tract is composed of axons with similar functions and destinations
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Gray Mattor of SC
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*mixture of neuron cell bodies, short unmeylinated axons and dendrites and neuroglia
*4 zones 1. Somatic sensory (SS) 2. Visceral Sensory (VS) 3. Visceral Motor(VM) 4. Somatic Motor (SM) |
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Protection of SC
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1. Meniges
a. dura Mater b. Arachnoid mater c. pia mater 2. Epidural space |
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Meniges
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*3 ct. mem lie external to brain and SC
*3 functions: 1. Cover and protect CNS 2.Enclose/protect blood vessels that supply blood to CNS 3. Contain cerebral fluid |
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Dura Mater
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*Stronges of meniges
*dense CT and forms protective covering around CNS structures *tougher dura matter called "Spinal dural sheath |
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Epidural Space
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*fluid cushioning of fat and tetowrk of veins
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Arachnoid Mater
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*Deep to dura mater
*Subdural Space |
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Subdural Space
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Thin space between arach. and dura mater
*contains film of fluid *potential to fill with fluid or blood result from disease or trama |
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Subarachnoid space
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*hold arachnoid mater to pia mater
*filled with cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels supplying neural tissue |
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Pia Mater "gental mother
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*delicate
*richly vascularised with fine blood vessels *clings to SC surface following convultion |
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Ceribrospinal Fluid
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*watery broth(fills subarachnoid space with central hollow cavities in brain and sc
*provide cusion gives bouancy to CNS *prevent organs from being crushed under own weigh *cusions brain and SC from blows and jolts *nourishes brain and sc(remove wastes from Neurons) *carry chem signal between part of CNS |
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Embyonic Development of brain
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1. Telencehpan (endbrain) =Cerebrum
2.Diencephlon"interbrain" = Thalmus, hypothalmus, epithalmous 3. Mesencephlon(undevided) = Midbrain 4.Metencephalon (after brain) =Pons, cerabellum (brainstem) 5. Myelencephon(brain like SC= medula oblagata (brain stem |
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Ventricles
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*Central cavity of neural tube forms hollow ventricles
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Meniges
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*3 ct. mem lie external to brain and SC
*3 functions: 1. Cover and protect CNS 2.Enclose/protect blood vessels that supply blood to CNS 3. Contain cerebral fluid |
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Dura Mater
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*Stronges of meniges
*dense CT and forms protective covering around CNS structures *tougher dura matter called "Spinal dural sheath |
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Epidural Space
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*fluid cushioning of fat and tetowrk of veins
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Arachnoid Mater
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*Deep to dura mater
*Subdural Space |
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Subdural Space
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Thin space between arach. and dura mater
*contains film of fluid *potential to fill with fluid or blood result from disease or trama |
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Subarachnoid space
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*hold arachnoid mater to pia mater
*filled with cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels supplying neural tissue |
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Pia Mater "gental mother
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*delicate
*richly vascularised with fine blood vessels *clings to SC surface following convultion |
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Ceribrospinal Fluid
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*watery broth(fills subarachnoid space with central hollow cavities in brain and sc
*provide cusion gives bouancy to CNS *prevent organs from being crushed under own weigh *cusions brain and SC from blows and jolts *nourishes brain and sc(remove wastes from Neurons) *carry chem signal between part of CNS |
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Embyonic Development of brain
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1. Telencehpan (endbrain) =Cerebrum
2.Diencephlon"interbrain" = Thalmus, hypothalmus, epithalmous 3. Mesencephlon(undevided) = Midbrain 4.Metencephalon (after brain) =Pons, cerabellum (brainstem) 5. Myelencephon(brain like SC= medula oblagata (brain stem |
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Ventricles
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*Central cavity of neural tube forms hollow ventricles
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Basic parts and organization of brain
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1. Brainstem (medulla, pons, midbrain)
2. Cerebellum 3. Diencephalor (thalmu, hypothalmous, epithalmus) 4. Cerebrum |
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Ventriclesof the brain
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*expansion of brains central cavity
*filled with cerebrospinal fluid and lined by ependymal cells *lateral ventricl *3rd ventricle *cerebral auquaduct *4th ventricle |
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Lateral Ventricle
"1st and 2nd ventricle |
* horsehoe shaped
*seperated by thin median membrane |
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3rd ventricle
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*in diencephalon
*connects to each lateral ventricle |
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Cerebral aquaduct
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Connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
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4th ventricle
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*in brain stem
*caudilly connects to central canal of inferior medulla and SC |
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The Brain Stem
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* 3 regions:
1. Medulla 2. Pons 3. Midbrain 3 Functions: 1.Produce rigidly program automatic behaviors necessary for survival 2. Passage way for fibor tracts running between cerebrum and SC 3. Involbed with innervation of face, head *same structure plan as SC |
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Medula oblongota
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*most caudel of brain stem
*pyramids *Descussation of Pyramids *Reticular Formation |
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Pyramids
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*visible landmards formed by pyramidal tracts
*descend through brain stem and SC carrying VOLUNTARY motor oupac from cerbrum to SC |
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Decussation of Pyramids
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*where pyramidal fibers crossover to opposite side of brain
RESULT: Each cerebral hemispher connects the voluntary mov't of opposit sides of body |
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Reticular formation
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*loose cluster of brain nuclei that runs through the core of brain stem
*located in medulla *function: 1coordinate reflexes and voluntary behaviors involving cranial nerves *4 most important nnuclie involved with visceral activities 1.cadiac center 2. vasomotor center 3. Medullary Respiratory center |
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Cardiac Center
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Adjusts force and rate of heart beat
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Vasamotor center
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Regulates blood pressure
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Medullary Respiratory center
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*controls basic rythem and rate of breathing
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Pons "bridge"
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*forms a ventral bridge between brain stem and cerebellum
*Pontine Nuclei Middle cerebral peduncles |
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Pontine Nuclei
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*relay brain nculei in a path that con))cerebral cortex with cerebellum
*pathway is involved with coordination of voluntary mov'ts |
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Middle cerebral peduncles
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*where pontine nuclei sends axons to cerebellum
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The midbrain
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Periaqueductal gray matter
Substantia nigra red nucleau |
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Periaqueductal Grey matter
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*around cerebral aquaduct
1. Involved with sympathetic reactoin 2. mediate response to viscral pain (nausea) *bentral part contains cell bodis of motor neurons that contribute to oculomotor trochlear nuclei |
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Substantia Nigra "black"
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*Bandlike
*neuronal cell bodies have dark melanin pig. *deep to pyramidal tracts in cerebral peducle *neuron degression linked to parkensons |
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Red Nucleus
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*oval
*deep to substantia nigra *rich blood supply and iron pigment in cell bodies *minor motor function: bring out flexon mov't in limbs *associated with cerebelm |
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Cerebellum
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*function:
1. Smooths and coordinates body mov'ts *help maintain posture and equalibrium *arbor vitae *deep cerebreal nuclei *psilateral vs. contralateral fibers |
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Arbor vitae
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*internal white matter
*axons that carry info to and from cortex |
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Deep Cerebral nuclei
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*deeply situated gray metter
*give rise to axons that relay instructions from cerebral cortex to other parts of brain |
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Ipsilateral "same"
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*all fibers that enter and leave cerebellum( run to and from same side of body)`
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Diencephalon
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1. Thalmus
2. Hypothalmus 3. Epithalamus |
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Thalmus
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*gateway to cerebral cortex
*major relay station for sensory impulses and impulses from ALL brain regions that comm. with cerebral cortex (edited info all passes through *afferent impulses except small |
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Hypothalmus
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*suprachiasmic Nucleus (biological clock)
*function as main visceral contral center 1. control of autonomic nervous system 2. control emotional responses 3. regulation of body temp, hunger, and thirst senstations 4. control of behavior 5. Regulatoin of sleep wake cycles 6. control of endocrine system 7. formation of memory |
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Epithalmus
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*pineal gland
*secretes meatonin (induces sleep) |
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Cerebrum
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*Sulci (shallow groove)
2. Gyri (twised ridges of brain tissue) *frontal lobe *parietal Lobe *occibital lobe *temrol lobe *insula |
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Functional regions of cerebral cortex
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*brodman areas (52 structurally different areas)
*primary sensory cortex *sensory association center *multimodal areas *motor cortex |
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Info processed through heirachy
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1. Primary Sensory Cortex links to Sensory Association Areas...
2. other association areas receive and integrate imput from Multimodel association areas... 3 regions of cortex plan and initiate voluntary motor function are called MOtor cortex |
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Somatosensory Areas
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*Primary Somotosensory cortex
*sensory Homuculus *somatotopy *contrailateral projection *somatosensory association cortex *sensory areas (parietal, temporal, occipital) |
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Primary somatosensory cortex
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*receives info fom general somatic senses
*involved in conscience awareness (touch, pressure, vibraiton, pain, tempof skit) |
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Somatopy "body mapping"
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* cortex receives sensory stimuli from specific areas in body
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Sensory homunculus
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*body map of primary sensory cortes
*amount of somatosensory cortex devoted to body region is related to sensory of that region |
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Coptralateral Projection
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* right hemisphere gets info from left
viseversa |
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Somatosensory association cortex
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*integrates sensory inputes( pressure, touch , other info, understanding what's being felt)
*past experiences (keys, coint, etc) |
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Visual areas
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*primary visual cortex
*visual association area |
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Primary visual cortex
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*recieves visual info that originates on retina
*exibits colateral function: right<--> left *first area to process visual imput |
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Visual association area
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*continuous processing visual info by analyzing color, form, and mov't
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Auditory areas
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*Primary auditory cortex
*auditory association area *Wernickes area) |
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Primary Auditory cortex
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*Conscious awareness of sound
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Auditory association area
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*permits evaluation of sound (thunder, screech, music)
*Storage of past sounds *wernickes area (region recognizing and understanding spoken word |
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Vestibular (equalibrium) cortex
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*conscious awareness of sense of balance
*position of head in space |
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Gustatory Cortex
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*concious awareness of taste
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Coptralateral Projection
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* right hemisphere gets info from left
viseversa |
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Somatosensory association cortex
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*integrates sensory inputes( pressure, touch , other info, understanding what's being felt)
*past experiences (keys, coint, etc) |
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Visual areas
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*primary visual cortex
*visual association area |
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Primary visual cortex
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*recieves visual info that originates on retina
*exibits colateral function: right<--> left *first area to process visual imput |
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Visual association area
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*continuous processing visual info by analyzing color, form, and mov't
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Auditory areas
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*Primary auditory cortex
*auditory association area *Wernickes area) |
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Primary Auditory cortex
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*Conscious awareness of sound
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Auditory association area
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*permits evaluation of sound (thunder, screech, music)
*Storage of past sounds *wernickes area (region recognizing and understanding spoken word |
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Vestibular (equalibrium) cortex
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*conscious awareness of sense of balance
*position of head in space |
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Gustatory Cortex
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*concious awareness of taste
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Olfactory cortex
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*conscious awareness of smell
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Multimodal association areas
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*posteriaor association area
*anterior association area *limbic association area *receive sensory input from multiple sensory modalities FROM sensory Associaotion Areas (make associations) |
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Posterior Association Area "body sense"
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*awareness of spaceial location of body in reference to itself and ouside world
*relates to lang. comprehension and speach |
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Anterior association area "prefrontal cortex"
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*get info from posterior association area and integreate with past experiences, evaluated options and select appropriate response.
*plans and initiates motor response through linkate with motor regions *Runctions: 1. cognitive function, thinking, perceiving, remembering, and recalling info 2. Reasoining judgement impulse control, problem solving, social skills, moods 3 working memory areas: 1. visual working (stores visual spacial info) 2. Auditom (speech production) 3. Executive |
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Limbic association area
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* involved in memory and emotion
*integrates sensory and motor behavior with : 1. Past experiences (influence future response. 2. aids in memory 3. Process emotions |
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Motor areas
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*premotor cortes
*primary motor cortes *motor humunclus *frontal eyefield Broaca's area |
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Premotor cortex
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*plans/coordinates complex mov'ts and relays the plan to primary motor cortex for implantation
*controls voluntary actions taht depend on sensory feedback about spacial relations (moving through maze, catch ball in outfield) |
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Primary motor cortex
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*brings precice voluntary mov't of body esp. forarems, finger, facial muscles
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Frontal eyefield
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*controls voluntary mov'ts of eyes (looking quickly, somthing and following object)
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Broaca's area
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*in lang dominant cerebreal hemisphere
*controls motor movts for speaking *connects to lang comprehension in Posteror Association on Region |
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Cerebral White Mater
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*myelinated and budled into large tracts
1. commissural 2. Association 3projection |
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Commissural Fiber
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*interconnect gray areas of rt and left cerebral hem(allows 2 hem to work together
*corpus colusum (larges commissural |
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Association Fibers
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*connect different parts of same hemispher
*short fibers connect cortical areas *long fibers connect separated coritcal lobes |
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Projection fibers
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*help sensory info reach cerebral cortex and motor instructions leave it
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Deep gray matter of cerebrum
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*Basil Ganglia
Basil Forebrain Nuclie |
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Basi Ganglia
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*group of brain nuclei
*functionally: *Neural calculators that cooperate with cerebral cortex in controlling mobes 1. star/stop and regulate intensity of voluntary mov't ordered by Cerebral cortex 2. Select muscles or mov't for task and inhibit relevent antag. muscles 3. control rhythmic repetative tasks and participate in learing habits 4. in nonmotor role: estimate passage time |
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Basic forebrain nuclei
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Function:arousal, learning, memory , motor control
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Functional brain system
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*neurons working together despite distance
1. Lumbic system 2. reticular formation |
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Limbic System
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*cerebral and diencephalic structures on medial aspects of cerebral hemisphere
*forms and retrieves memories *"emotional-visceral" *hippocampus and amygdala (consolidate memories of fact and emotions |
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Reticular Formation
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*diffuse brain nuclie span length of brain stem
*maintain conscious state of cerebral cortex *reticulospinal tracts signal nonskilled body movt's |
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Reticular activating system
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Maintains consciousness and alertness
*arousing effects on cerebrum |
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Protection of brain
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*skull
*meninges *cerebral fluid |
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Miniges
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*periostal layer
*menengeal layer *dura mater *arachnoid *pia amter *dural sinuses *choroid plexi |
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Periosteal layer
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*attaches to internal surface of skull bone
*fused with menigeal layer, except where their seperated to enclose blood fille dural sinus |
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Menigeal layer
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*external covering of brain; continuous with dura mater surr. SC
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Dural Sinus
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*blood filled
*collect bloof from brain and conduct it to large internal jugular veins in neck |
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Choroid Plexus
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*where cerebrospinal fluid is derived from blood plasma
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Blood-basin Barrier
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*derive from impermeability of blood capillaries
*lets water, oxyden, nutriend and fat soluable molecules enter neural tissue but prevens entry of harmful substance |
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Sensory and Motor pathway in CNS
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*Assending pathways
*. descending pathways *decussate |
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Asceniding Pathways
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*assending spinal cord trats in funiculi belong to sensory pathways that run from periphery TO brain
1. Spinal cerebral pathway (for propioception) to cerebellum and 2 pathway sot somatosensory cortex 2. The dorsal column pathway (for discriminative touch and Proproception) 3. Spinothalamic pathway (for pain, temp and course touch( |
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Descending Pathways
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*belong to motor pahtways that connect brain to body muscles
1.pyramidal (corticospinal tracts) control skilled mov'ts and other fiber tracts that control subconscious and course mov'ts |
