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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Respiratory system has a ____ regulatory function, ___ has to be maintained in a fairly narrow range approx ____, if you go lower or higher have acid-base problems
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PH
blood PH 7.4 |
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Functions of the Respiratory System -
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(TOCRIFD)
Provide Oxygen Eliminates carbon dioxide Regulates the bloods pH in coordination w/ the kidneys. Forms speech sounds. (phonation) Defends against microbes. Influences arterial concentrations of chemical messengers by removing some from pulmonary capillary blood and producing and adding others to this blood. Traps and dissolves blood clots arising from systemic veins such as those in the legs. |
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1st thing to know, sequence of events of how air travels through the lungs
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1. Enter nose, or mouth
2. Travel down the pharynx, passageway at the back of my throat, a shared passageway (with food) 3. Pathway that leads to the lungs, lined with tough/cartilaginous tissue (larynx/trachea) 4. If larynx is blocked lead down esophagus, much sponger/more pliable 5. Trachea is the bendy straw tissue/dense connective tissue |
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Trachea start to branch in right and left ____, lead to 2 lungs
Branch finer and finer to _____ and ____ (just end of air traveling) then ____ - at this point start working on gas exchange- keep on branching to ____ and ____ - look like little bunches of grapes at the end of the tubes |
bronchi
bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs |
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Most gas exchange occurs in the approx 8,000,000 ____.
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alveolar sacs
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Alveolar "grapes" have ____ associated with each alveoli.
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capillary networks
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Blue vessel is a branch of a _____
Red is part of a ____ back to heart |
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein |
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The relaxation/contraction of circular smooth muscle lining these "airways" determines how easily airflow can occur (____ vs ____)
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bronchodilation
bronchoconstriction |
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3 cell types in the alveoli
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Type 1 alveolar cell (type 1)
Type 2 alveolar cell (type 2) Alveolar macrophage |
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____ - main site of gas exchange, where oxygen travels across the alveolar sac and delivered to that lung capillary, and co2 from the blood back across and into the sac to blow it out
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Type 1 alveolar cell (sometimes just type 1)
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____ - interspersed around the sac, basically there to synthesize and secrete mucousy fluid called surfactant
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Type 2 alveolar cell (type 2 cell)
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____ - helps to keep the alveolar sac moist, don’t want it drying out with all the air movement, this moisture helps to lower surface tension and this allows gas exchange to occur easier (increase gas exchange efficiency
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Surfactant
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____ - basically an immune system cell, allowed some migration, can migrate or move through the alveolar spaces, in charge of engulfing and removing any foreign particles that makes it all the way down there (not dust and debris typically, usually stuck in the conducting zone) occasionally something gets down there, viruses and bacteria etc
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Alveolar macrophage
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Extensive branching of ____ produces lots of surface area for exchange between air and blood.
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alveoli
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____ and ____ walls are thin, permitting rapid diffusion of gases.
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alveolar
capillary |
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The ____ is found between the lungs and the thoracic wall.
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intrapleural fluid
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The lungs are basically air filled, but are surrounded by ____.
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2 pleural sacs
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The ____ right up next to the lung tissue, and that there is another set of ____ surrounding the lungs, in between the _____ there is some ____.
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pleural sac
pleural cells 2 pleural tissues interpleural fluid |
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Lungs protected by 2 layers of ____, in between is some fluid, only really a few ___ of fluid.
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pleural cells/sacs
ml |
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____ helps to reduce friction, lungs always moving don’t want ____.
Occasionally have some ____ and this can cause some pain, with every breath. |
Intrapleural fluid
organ rubbing extra fluid |
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Oxygen in, blood smaller and smaller blood vessels
____ leaving the blood, ____ being picked up Veins back to the right heart and back to the lungs via ____ |
O^2
CO^2 pulmonary arteries |
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Airflow in the lungs is called ____.
Bloodflow through the ____ is driven by the contraction of the ____. |
ventilation
pulmonary capillaries right ventricle |
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Basically 2 areas of gas exchange in our body -
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lungs
systemic tissues |
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Gas Exchange
we exchange gas in our lungs, ___ in and ____ out and gas exchange mechanism in all our systemic tissues, ____ is leaving the blood and entering the tissue, and ____ is leaving the tissue and entering the blood |
O^2
CO^2 oxygen CO^2 |
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Remember if looking at a capillary, which type ____ or ____
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lung
systemic capillary |
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Patm -
Pap/Palv- |
atmospheric pressure
alveolar pressure |
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Diaphragm flex/contracts and ___
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drops down
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____ - breathing in
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Inspiration
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The expansion reduces ____ below ____, so air moves into the lungs.
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alveolar pressure Palv
atmospheric pressure Patm |
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____ is the result of the expansion of the thoracic cage in response to skeletal muscle contraction.
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Inspiration
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When I expire, my ____ and ____ relax (push everything up) and _____ will increase, literally pushing on it, and moves the air out
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diaphragm
inspiratory intercostals alveolar pressure |
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Two main muscles that help me breath in are the ____ and the ____, they contract allow ____ to expand/get bigger.
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diaphragm
inspiratory intercostals thoracic cavity |
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When the ____ expands the pressure in the alveoli drops below the ____ pressure and air will go into the lungs (all done by ____).
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thoracic cavity
air/atmosphere pressure gradients |
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____ - measure of the lungs stretchability, how easy is it to get air into that lung
Think of balloon, brand new, versus older one that is "baggier" - easier to get air into the baggier balloon |
Compliance
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____ therefore increases with age
Easier to air into a lung with higher ____. |
Compliance
Compliance |
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Increased ____ can get so high that you lose efficiency
___ in, ____ out |
compliance
compliance elastance |
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____ - (elasticity) how easy is it to return to initial size after! It has been stretched out
As we age ____ proteins break down or are injured, like the saggy balloon air does not come out as usual |
Elastance
elastin |
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Problems with elastance -
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chronic smokers with emphysema, problem is they cant force it back out, normal time to inspire, but a really long time to expire
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Big genetic respiratory disorder - ____, this chloride channel does not work, they are not getting enough water/water tension to thin out this mucus secretion
Their mucus is really sticky/gummy so it hinders gas exchange |
cystic fibrosis
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____ decreases surface tension to allow gas exchange to occur easier.
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Surfactant
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Need a certain amount of fluid, fluid needs to be absorbed my osmosis, if drive sodium in, active transport and water will follow
If fluid secretion, want active transport of CL |
surfactant etc.
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____ - thin film, causes because water molecules are attracted to other water molecules, the force of ____ is directed inward, raising pressure in alveoli.
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Surface tension
ST |
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Many times this babies that are ____, they have troubles with their ____, have trouble breathing because lungs did not fully develop the ability to produce ____, more prone to ____, and more prone to ____
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premature
lungs surfactant lung infections oxygen deficiency |
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Need to know that the ____ will ____ the pressure, received by alveoli of different sizes or across alveoli of all sizes, in different amounts.
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surfactant
equalize |
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When exercise, we breath ____ and ____.
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harder
faster |
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____ is not actually spread evenly
So to equalize the pressure between all sized ____, have to distribute the ____ so that the pressure (p) is the same in all ____. |
surfactant
alveoli surfactant alveoli |
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Two different alveoli, different in size, overdramatize it, but still have slight differences, if can image all else is equal, everytime you take a breath a higher pressure in the ____ so an increased tendency to ___ = bad, ___ is not spread evenly
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smaller alveoli
burst surfactant |
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Important facts about Pulmonary Surfactant:
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(PISLAM)
Mixture of phospholipids and protein. Is secreted by type 2 alveolar cells. Lowers the surface tension, which increases lung compliance, making the lungs easier to expand. Surface tension is lower in smaller alveoli, thus stabilizing alveoli. A deep breath increases its secretion by stretching the type 2 cells. Its concentration decreases when breaths are small. Production in the fetal lung occurs in late gestation. |
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____ is one of the last things to happen in fetal development
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surfactant production/secretion
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____ - about 500 ml or .5 L, the normal amount of air inhaled at rest, inspired and expired at rest
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Tidal volume (TV)
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____ - will vary a lot (approx 1,200 mls) depending on the size of the individual and their lung capacity
Amount of air you can blow out/exhale after you have exhaled your tidal volume |
Expiratory reserve volume - ERV
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____ - some amount of air in your lungs that you cannot exhale, keeps them from collapsing, keep those balloons slightly inflated to keep them easier to blow up (again approx 1200 ml) does not help with oxygen exchange
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Residual volume (RV)
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____ - amount you can suck in beyond your tidal volume
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Inspiratory reserve (IRV)
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_+_+_=VC
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ERV+TV+IRV
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Only numbers tidal volume is ____ and Vital capacity is ____.
(approximately) |
500 mL
4.7L |
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____ = forced expiratory volume in 1 second
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FEV1 or FEV1.0
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People with reduced elastance, emphysema etc, there ____ can be as low as ____
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fev1
25-30% |
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____ -
Big breath, and then exhale, what percentage of that big breath can you force out in that first second, should be able to force out 75% to 80% of it if you are healthy, means you have good ____. |
FEV1, or FEV1.0
elastance |
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Sometimes have a good ____, but their ___ is low
Typically not ____ related, like cracked ribs, hurts to take a big breath - good diagnostic tool. |
VC
tissue |
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Spirometer "equation"
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TV+IRV+ERV=VC
(TIE=V) |
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Typically get more oxygen with ___
Taking lots of really ____ actually decreases oxygen delivery efficiency |
fewer deeper breaths
small fast breaths |
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Why deeper breaths are more efficient -
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Has to do with "dead space", space in conducting zones in the lung - doesn’t matter how much you deliver to the conducting zone, but how much gets to the alveoli (just need to know that basic idea)
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____ - (1st category) literally restricts movement
It can be as simple as cracked ribs, where there is nothing wrong with the lung tissues, just painful/difficult to move air in and out |
Restrictive disorders
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More permanent/painful is ____ - nothing wrong with the ____, but lungs are starting to get this dense connective tissue that is literally going to restrict air from flowing in the alveoli and gas exchange from occurring across the alveoli - FEV1 is still 75-80%, but they have a much lower ____
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pulmonary fibrosis
alveoli VC |
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____ - Common in people that are exposed to fine particulate matter (coal miners, rescue workers from trade center buildings)
Dense/fibrous connective tissue being accumulated due to these fine particles |
pulmonary fibrosis
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____ are characterized by reduced vital capacity but with normal forced vital capacity (FEV1)
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Restrictive disorders
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____ - Basically just an episode where I am not getting enough air in, bronchioles leading down to the alveoli are constricted, can also be caused my excess mucus or inflammation
Once again nothing wrong with the alveolar tissue, just have trouble getting the air in (once again restrictive disorder) |
Asthma
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____ results from episodes of obstruction of air flow thru ____.
Caused by inflammation, mucus secretion and brocho constriction. Inflammation contributes to increased airway responsiveness to agents that promote bronchial constriction. Provoked by allergic reactions, by exercise, by breathing cold dry air or by aspirin. |
Asthma
brochioles |
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____ - an obstructive disorder, the alveolar tissue is destroyed!
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Emphysema
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____ - start to lose surface area for gas exchange now have fewer larger alveoli
Also start trapping more air in my lungs, residual volume increases so lower my vital capacity/lower amount of air to get in for gas exchange All the toxins in cigarettes will trigger immune system to start destroying lungs etc.. Much lower FEV1, elastins or ability to get air out is decreased |
Emphysema
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____ that respond to decreased ____ levels in the blood "inform" the ventilation control center in the ____ to increase the rate of ventilation.
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Chemosensory neurons
oxygen medulla |
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____ that respond to changes in blood pH and gas content are located in the ____ and in the _____; these sensory afferent neurons alter ____ regulation of the rate of ____.
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Chemosensory neurons
aorta carotid sinuses CNS ventilation |
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Small changes in the ____ content of the blood quickly trigger changes in ventilation rate.
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carbon dioxide
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The levels of ____, ____, and ____ in blood and CSF provide information that alters the rate of ventilation.
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oxygen
carbon dioxide hydrogen ions |
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Central and peripheral chemosensory neurons that respond to increased ____ levels in the blood are also stimulated by the acidity from ____, so they "inform" the ventilation control center in the ____ to increase the rate of ventilation.
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carbon dioxide
carbonic acid medulla oblongata |
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Carbon dioxide in blood as dissolved ____ (10%) , ____ (20%) and ____
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carbon dioxide
carbaminohemoglobin bicarbonate ion HCO3- (70%) |
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Note that venous blood is typically ____ with oxygen.
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75% saturated
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As the concentration of oxygen increases, the percentage of ____ saturated with bound oxygen increases until all of the oxygen-binding sites are occupied (____)
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hemoglobin
100% saturation |
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____ and ____ factors that alter hemoglobin's affinity to bind ____ alter the ease of "loading" and "unloading" this gas in the lungs and near the active cells.
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Chemical
Thermal oxygen |
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Changes in the rate of ventilation alter the concentration of gases in the alveolar air, Hypoventilation versus hyperventilation ...
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Hypo = High CO2
Hyper = High O2 |
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Pulmonary Veins and Systemic arteries have PCO2 of ____ and PO2 of ____
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40 mmHG
100 mmHG |
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Systemic Veins and Pulmonary arteries have PCO2 of ____ and PO2 of ____
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46 mmHG
40 mmHG |
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A hemoglobin molecule is composed of four protein ____ chains, each surrounding a central ____
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globin
heme group |
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Each heme group consists of a porphyrin ring with an ____ in the center.
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iron atom
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Fetal hemoglobin -
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can bind oxygen with greater affinity than adult hemoglobin
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