Chapter 13 Psych Concepts

Front 1

pro social behaviour

Back 1

acts that are positively valued by society

Front 2

helping behaviour

Back 2

acts that intentionally help someone else

Front 3

alturism

Back 3

a special form of helping behaviour, sometimes costly, that shows concern for fellow human beings and is performed without expectation of personal gain

Front 4

nature - nurture controversy

Back 4

debate about whether genetic or environmental factors determine human behaviour. Scientists generally accept it is an interaction of both

Front 5

evolutionary psychology

Back 5

an extension of psychology that views complex behaviour as adaptive helping the individual, kin and the species as a whole to survive

Front 6

empathy

Back 6

ability to feel another persons experiences; identifying with and experiencing another persons emotions, thoughts and attitudes

Front 7

bystander calculus model

Back 7

in attending to an emergency, the bystander calculates the perceived costs and benefits of providing help compared with those associated with not helping

Front 8

empathy costs of not helping

Back 8

Piliavin's view that failing to help can cause distress to a bystander who empathises with a victims plight

Front 9

personal cost of not helping

Back 9

Piliavin's view than not helping a victim in distress can be costly to a bystander (e.g. experiencing blame)

Front 10

empathic concern

Back 10

an element in Baston's theory of helping behaviour. In contrast to personal distress (which may lead us to flee from the situation) it includes feelings of warmth, being soft-hearted and having compassion for a person in need

Front 11

steps in the bystander calculus model

Back 11

1) physiological arousal

2) labelling the arousal

3) evaluating the consequences

Front 12

modelling

Back 12

tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes and emotional responses exhibited by a real life or symbolic model. also called observational learning

Front 13

social learning theory

Back 13

the view championed by Bandura that human social behaviour isn't innate but learned from appropriate models

Front 14

learning by vicarious experiences

Back 14

acquiring a behaviour after observing that another person was rewarded for it

Front 15

just world hypothesis

Back 15

people need to believe that the world is a just place where they get what they deserve. As evidence of undeserving suffering undermines this belief, people may conclude that victims deserve their fate

Front 16

bystander intervention

Back 16

this occurs when an individual breaks out of the role of a bystander and helps another person in an emergency

Front 17

bystander effect

Back 17

people are less likely to help in an emergency when they are with others than when alone. The greater the number, the less likely it is that anyone will help

Front 18

emergency situation

Back 18

often involves an unusual event, can vary in nature, is unplanned and requires a quick response

Front 19

steps to helping (1)

Back 19

notice the event

Front 20

steps to helping (2)

Back 20

decide if it is a situation where help is required

Front 21

steps to helping (3)

Back 21

take responsibility for helping

Front 22

steps to helping (4)

Back 22

give help, or call for help

Front 23

steps to helping

Back 23

attend to what is happening + define event as an emergency + assume responsibility + decide what can be done = give help

Front 24

diffusion of responsibility

Back 24

tendency of an individual to assume that others will take responsibility (as a result, no one does). This is hypothesised cause of the bystander effect

Front 25

fear of social blunders

Back 25

the dread of acting inappropriately or making a foolish mistake witnessed by others. The desire to avoid ridicule inhibits effective responses to an emergency by members of a group

Front 26

terror management theory

Back 26

the notion that the most fundamental human motivation is to reduce the terror of the inevitability of death

Front 27

social role theory

Back 27

the argument that sex differences in behaviour are determined by society rather than ones biology

Front 28

prior commitment

Back 28

an individuals agreement in advance to be responsible if trouble occurs; for example committing unsold to protect the property of another person against theft

Front 29

social support network

Back 29

people who know and care about us and can provide back up during a time of stress

Front 30

norms

Back 30

attitudinal and behavioural uniformities that define group membership and differentiate between groups

Front 31

reciprocity principle

Back 31

the law of doing unto others as they do to you, it can refer to an attempt to gain compliance by first doing someone a favour or to mutual aggression or mutual attraction

Front 32

social responsibility norm

Back 32

the idea that we should help people who are dependent and need it, is contradicted by another norm that discourages interfering in other peoples lives

Front 33

commons dilemma

Back 33

social dilemma which cooperation by all benefits all but competition by all harms all.

Front 34

egoism

Back 34

prosocial acts which benefit the self

Front 35

collectivism

Back 35

prosocial acts which benefit the welfare of the group

Front 36

principlism

Back 36

prosocial acts follow a moral principle e.g. for the greater good