Chapter 13, Nervous System And Chapter 14, Eye And Ear

Front 1

ocular system

Back 1

responsible for vision

Front 2

ophthalmo-

Back 2

eye or sight

Front 3

extra-

Back 3

outside

Front 4

intra-

Back 4

within

Front 5

peri-

Back 5

around

Front 6

adnexa

Back 6

accessory structures of an organ

Front 7

orbit

Back 7

bony cavity of the skull that contains the eyeball

Front 8

eyelid

Back 8

each eye has an upper and lower eyelid to protect the eye from injury, foreign material and excessive light

Front 9

palpebral

Back 9

pertaining to the eyelid

Front 10

canthus

Back 10

the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet

Front 11

eyelash

Back 11

the edge of each eyelid has hairlike structures, that protect the eye from foreign material

Front 12

conjunctiva

Back 12

mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid

Front 13

nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid)

Back 13

the conjunctival fold attached at the medial canthus that moves across the cornea when the eyelids close

Front 14

lacrimal

Back 14

structures that produce, store, and remove tears

Front 15

nasolacrimal

Back 15

passageway that drains tears into the nose

Front 16

globe

Back 16

a sphere with multilayered walls. Otherwise known as the eyeball

Front 17

sclara

Back 17

the fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains the shape of the eye

Front 18

cornea

Back 18

the anterior portion of the scleara that is transparent. It provides most of the focusing power of the eye

Front 19

choroids

Back 19

the opaque middle layer of the eyeball that contains blood vessels and supplies blood for the entire eye

Front 20

tapetum lucidum

Back 20

the brightly colored iridescent reflecting tissue layer of the choroid of most species. The glow in the eye.

Front 21

iris

Back 21

the pigmented muscular diaphragm of the choroid that surrounds the pupil

Front 22

pupil

Back 22

the circular opening in the center of the iris

Front 23

lens

Back 23

the clear, flexible, curved capsule located behind the iris and pupil

Front 24

retina

Back 24

the nervous tissue layer of the eye that receives images

Front 25

rods

Back 25

specialized cells of the retina that react to light

Front 26

cones

Back 26

specialized cells of the retina that react to color and fine detail

Front 27

fovea centeralis

Back 27

contains the greates concentration of cones in the retina

Front 28

anterior chamber

Back 28

the eye cavity located between the caudal surface of the cornea and the cranial surface of the iris

Front 29

posterior chamber

Back 29

the eye cavity located between the caudal surface of the iris and the cranial surface of the lens

Front 30

fluorescein

Back 30

diagnostic test to detect corneal injury by placing dye on the surface of the cornea

Front 31

menace

Back 31

diagnostic test to detect vision in which movement is made toward the animal to test whether it will see movement and try to close its eyelids

Front 32

ophthalmoscope

Back 32

instrument used for ophthalmoscopy

Front 33

papillary light response (PLR)

Back 33

response of pupil to light. When light is shown in the pupil, constriction should take place

Front 34

schirmer tear test (STT)

Back 34

diagnostic test using a graded paper strip to measure tear production

Front 35

tonometry

Back 35

procedure using an instrument to measure intraocular pressure indirectly

Front 36

anisocoria

Back 36

condition of unequal pupil size

Front 37

blepharo-

Back 37

eyelid

Front 38

blindness

Back 38

inability to see

Front 39

cataract

Back 39

cloudiness or opacity of the lens

Front 40

corneal ulcer

Back 40

surface depression on the cornea

Front 41

distichia

Back 41

double row of eyelashes

Front 42

ectropion

Back 42

eversion or turning outward of the eyelid

Front 43

entropion

Back 43

inversion or turning inward of the eyelid

Front 44

epiphora

Back 44

excessive tear production

Front 45

glaucoma

Back 45

group of disorders resulting from elevated intraocular pressure

Front 46

nuclear sclerosis

Back 46

drying out of the lens with age

Front 47

proptosis

Back 47

displacement of the eye from the orbit

Front 48

enucleation

Back 48

removal of the eyeball

Front 49

ear

Back 49

sensory organ that enables hearing and helps to maintain balance

Front 50

audito-

Back 50

ear

Front 51

acousto-

Back 51

sound or hearing

Front 52

pinna

Back 52

the external portion of the ear that catches sound waves and transmits them to the external auditory canal

Front 53

auricle

Back 53

the pinna

Front 54

external auditory canal (meatus)

Back 54

the tube that transmits sound from the pinna to the typanic membrane

Front 55

cerumen

Back 55

earwax

Front 56

tympanic membrane

Back 56

eardrum

Front 57

auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

Back 57

three little bones of the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations
malleus=hammer
incus=anvil
stapes=stirrup

Front 58

eustachian tube

Back 58

narrow duct that leads the middle ear to the nasopharynxs

Front 59

oval window

Back 59

located at the base of the stapes, the membrane that separates the middle and inner ear

Front 60

round window

Back 60

the membrane that receives sound waves through fluid after the have passed through the cochlea

Front 61

tympanic bulla

Back 61

the osseous chamber at the base of the skull

Front 62

semicircular canals

Back 62

located adjacent to the vestibule. The semicircular canals are oriented at right angles to each other.

Front 63

cochlea

Back 63

spiral shaped passage that leads from the oval window to the inner ear

Front 64

equilibrium

Back 64

the state of balance

Front 65

otoscope

Back 65

intrument used for otoscopy

Front 66

aural hematoma

Back 66

collection or mass of blood on the outer ear

Front 67

deafness

Back 67

complete or partial hearing loss

Front 68

otitis externa

Back 68

inflammation of the outer ear

Front 69

otitis media

Back 69

inflammation of the middle ear

Front 70

vertigo

Back 70

sense of dizziness

Front 71

ablation

Back 71

removal of a part

Front 72

central NS

Back 72

portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

Front 73

peripheral NS

Back 73

portion of the nervous system that consitsts of the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system and ganglia

Front 74

CNS

Back 74

central nervous system

Front 75

brain

Back 75

enlarged and highly developed portion of the CNS that lies in the skull and is the main site of nervous control

Front 76

spinal cord

Back 76

the caudal continuation of the medulla oblongata

Front 77

autonomic NS (ANS)

Back 77

the part of the peripheral nervous system that innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Front 78

ganglia

Back 78

more than one knotlike mass of neuron cell bodies that are located outside the CNS

Front 79

neuron

Back 79

the basic unit of the nervous system

Front 80

sensory neuron

Back 80

nerves that carry sensory impulses toward the CNS

Front 81

motor neuron

Back 81

nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS and toward the muscles and glands

Front 82

associative (connecting) neurons

Back 82

nerves that carry impulses from one neuron to another

Front 83

soma

Back 83

cell body

Front 84

dendrite

Back 84

root like structures that receive impulses and conduct them toward the cell body

Front 85

axon

Back 85

a single process that extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the cell body

Front 86

nerves (nerve trunk)

Back 86

bundles of nerve fibers bound together by specialized tissues

Front 87

nuclei

Back 87

neuron cell bodies grouped together within the CNS

Front 88

ganglia

Back 88

neuron cell bodies grouped together outside the CNS

Front 89

synapse

Back 89

the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor

Front 90

neurotransmitter

Back 90

chemical substance that allows the signal to move from one neuron to another

Front 91

myelin

Back 91

protective covering over some nerve cells, including parts of the spinal cord, white matter of the brain and most peripheral nerves

Front 92

myelin sheath

Back 92

myelin

Front 93

white matter

Back 93

myelinated nerves

Front 94

gray matter

Back 94

does not contain myelinated fibers, it apears darker in color. It is composed of cell bodies, branching dendrites and neuroglia

Front 95

non-myelinated

Back 95

nerve fibers that have a very thin layer of myelin. Autonomic nervous system

Front 96

plexus

Back 96

a network of intersecting nerves or vessels. groups of cells or nerves that work together

Front 97

innervation

Back 97

the supply or stimulation of a body part through the action of nerves

Front 98

receptor

Back 98

sensory organs that receive external stimulation and transmit that information to the sensory neurons.

Front 99

stimulus

Back 99

something that excites or activates

Front 100

impulse

Back 100

a wave of excitation transmitted through nervous tissue

Front 101

reflex

Back 101

an automatic, involuntary response to change. Reflex actions include the patellar and ulnar reflexes.

Front 102

encephalo-

Back 102

brain

Front 103

myelo-

Back 103

spinal cord

Front 104

meninges

Back 104

connective tissue that encases the brain and spinal cord

Front 105

epidural

Back 105

located above or superficial to the dura mater

Front 106

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 106

clear, colorless ultrafiltrate that nourishes, cools and cushions the CNS

Front 107

cranium

Back 107

a portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain

Front 108

cerebrum

Back 108

the largest part of the brain, responsible for receiving and processing stimuli, initiating voluntary movement and storing information

Front 109

cerebellum

Back 109

the second largest part of the brain, it coordinates muscle activity for smooth movement

Front 110

brain stem

Back 110

the stalklike portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord

Front 111

foramen magnum

Back 111

the opening in the occipital bone that the spinal cord passes through

Front 112

cauda equina

Back 112

the collection of spinal roots at the caudal part of the spinal cord

Front 113

cranial nerves

Back 113

twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the undersurface of the brain

Front 114

sympathetic NS

Back 114

responsible for fight or flight

Front 115

parasympathetic NS

Back 115

responsible for rest and digest after a stressfull response

Front 116

ataxia

Back 116

stumbling, without coordination

Front 117

concussion

Back 117

shaking of the brain caused by injury

Front 118

contusion

Back 118

bruising

Front 119

epilepsy

Back 119

seizures

Front 120

hematoma

Back 120

mass or collection of blood

Front 121

hyperesthesia

Back 121

excessive sensitivity

Front 122

intervertebral

Back 122

condition of pain and neurologic deficits resulting from the displacement of part or all of the material in the disc located between the vertebrae

Front 123

opisthotonus

Back 123

tetanic spasm in which the head and tail are bent dorsally and the back is arched

Front 124

paralysis

Back 124

loss of voluntary movement or immobility

Front 125

paraplegia

Back 125

paralysis of the lower body in bipeds or of hindlimbs in quadrupeds

Front 126

ptosis

Back 126

prolapse or drooping

Front 127

seizure

Back 127

sudden, involuntary contraction of some muscles caused by a brain disturbance

Front 128

convulsion

Back 128

seizure

Front 129

syncope

Back 129

fainting; sudden fall in blood pressure or cardiac systole resulting in cerebral anemia and loss of conciousness

Front 130

vestibular disease

Back 130

neurologic disorder characterized by head tilt, nystagmus, rolling, falling and circling

Front 131

nystagmus

Back 131

involuntary rhythmic movement of the eye

Front 132

analgesia

Back 132

without pain

Front 133

anesthesia

Back 133

absence of sensation

Front 134

preictal

Back 134

period before seizure

Front 135

ictus

Back 135

attack of actual seizure

Front 136

postictal

Back 136

period after seizure

Front 137

ipsi-

Back 137

same

Front 138

contra-

Back 138

opposite