Chapter 13 Micro Exam

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active immunity

Back 1

Immunity acquired through direct stimulation of the immune system by antigen.

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adjuvant

Back 2

a chemical vehicle that enhances antigenicity, presumably by prolonging antigen retention at the injection site.

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allergen

Back 3

A substance that provokes an allergic response.

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alloantigen

Back 4

An antigen that is present in some, but not all members of the same species.

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antigen binding site

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Specific region at the ends of the antibody molecule that recognize specific antigens. These sites have numerous shapes to fit a wide variety of antigens.

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antigen-presenting cell (APC)

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A macrophage or dendritic cell that ingests and degrades an antigen, and subsequently places the antigenic determinant molecules on its surface for recognition by CD4 T lymphocytes.

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artificial immunity

Back 7

Immunity that is induced as a medical intervention, either by exposing an individual to an antigen or administering immune substances to him or her.

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clonal expansion

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After activation, antigen-specific B and T cells rapidly multiply by this process.

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clonal selection theory

Back 9

A conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity and variety during immune maturation.

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colostrum

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The clear, yellow early product of breast milk that is very high in secretory antibodies. Provides passive intestinal protection.

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conjugated vaccine

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Vaccine that is made up of antigenic molecules from one microbe combined with known antigenic proteins.

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dendritic cell

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A large, antigen-processing cell characterized by long, branchlike extensions of the cell membrane.

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DNA vaccine

Back 13

A newer vaccine preparation based on inserting DNA from pathogens into host cells to encourage them to express the foreign protein and stimulate immunity.

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epitope

Back 14

The precise molecular group of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response.

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hapten

Back 15

An incomplete or partial antigen. Although it constitutes the determinative group and can bind antigen, hapten cannot stimulate a full immune response without being carried by a larger protein molecule.

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immunocompetence

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The ability of the body to recognize and react with multiple foreign substances.

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immunogen

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Any substance that induces a state of sensitivity or resistance after processing by the immune system of the body.

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immunoglobulin (Ig)

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antibodies belong to this chemical class of proteins .

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memory (immunologic memory)

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The capacity of the immune system to recognize and act against an antigen upon second and subsequent encounters.

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MHC

Back 20

major histocompatibility complex. This closely linked cluster of genes programs for cell surface glycoproteins that control immune interactions between cells and is involved in rejection of allografts.

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natural immunity

Back 21

Any immunity that arises naturally in an organism via previous experience with the antigen.

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passive immunity

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Specific resistance that is acquired indirectly by donation of preformed immune substances (antibodies) produced in the body of another individual.

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specificity

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some parts of the immune system only react with antigens that originally activated them.

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variable region

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The antigen binding fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule, consisting of a combination of heavy and light chains whose molecular conformation is specific for the antigen.

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superantigens

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Bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells and can be a factor in diseases such as toxic shock.

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titer

Back 26

In immunochemistry, a measure of antibody level in a patient, determined by agglutination methods.

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vaccine

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Originally used in reference to inoculation with the cowpox or vaccinia virus to protect against smallpox. In general, the term now pertains to injection of whole microbes (killed or attenuated), toxoids, or parts of microbes as a prevention or cure for disease.