Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is an important reason to learn about culture and ethnicity?
|
You will almost certainly care for patients that are not from your culture.
|
|
|
In the past decade, the U.S. and Canada have seen increasing immigration from which nations?
|
Asian-speaking
Spanish-speaking |
|
|
What were previously referred to as minority groups will soon (when added together) become what?
|
the majority
|
|
|
True or false: Nursing care that is appropriate for the dominant class may be ineffective and inappropriate for people with a different cultural heritage.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
-refers to everyone having culture
-refers to culture being active |
-universal
-dynamic |
|
|
What people in a group have in common that changes over time
|
culture
|
|
|
they defined culture as "the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arets, beliefs, values, customs, lifeways, and all other products of human work and thought characteristic of a population of poepls that guide their worldview and decision making."
|
Purnell and Paulanka
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of culture?
|
-It is learned
-it is taught -it is shared by its members -it is dynamic and adaptive -it is complex -it is diverse -it exists at many levels -it has common beliefs and practices |
|
|
How is culture taught
|
from generation to generation either formally (school) or informally (in families)
|
|
|
Cultural customs, beliefs, and practices are not static, but ________ over time and at __________ rates.
|
-change
-different |
|
|
Why are cultural assumptions and habits difficult for members to explain to others?
|
they are unconscious
|
|
|
What are the two level in which culture exists
|
-the material (art, writings)
-the nonmaterial (customs, traditions) |
|
|
True or False: Culture can influence everything its members thnk or do.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Cultural beliefs provide for its members as long as they do not ___________ with the dominant culture and continue to gratify its members
|
conflict
|
|
|
A person who identifies with two cultures and maintains some of the values and lifestyles of each
|
bicultural
|
|
|
A bicultural person may experience what?
|
divided loyalties
|
|
|
refers to many cultures and is used to describe groups rather than individuals
|
multi-cultural
|
|
|
-Does culture always refer to the ethnicity of a group
-give an example why or why not |
-no
-a hospital contains practitioners from many ethnicities and religous groups |
|
|
the tendency to think of your own group (cultural, ethnic, or social) as superior to others and that other beliefs are wrong or strange
|
ethnocentricity
|
|
|
True or False: The tendency to be ethnocentric exists in all groups, not just in the dominant culture.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
White Anglo-Saxon Christian of European descent is the dominant culture of?
|
the U.S. and Canada
|
|
|
The group that has the most authority or power to control values and reward or punish behaviors.
|
dominant culture
|
|
|
Is the dominant culture always the largest group
|
No. it usually is, but not always
|
|
|
Groups within a larger culture or social system that are different from those of the dominant culture
|
subcultures
|
|
|
You can recognize these by their speech patterns, dress, gestures, eating habits, lifestyles, etc
|
subcultures
|
|
|
street gangs, physicians, nurses, women, older adults, gays and lesbians, and people of Appalachian heritage are examples of what?
|
subcultures
|
|
|
Made up of individuals who share race, religion, or ethnic heritage, but have fewer members than the majority group
|
minority groups
|
|
|
Do minority groups always share beliefs, practices, or physical characteristics?
|
no
|
|
|
sometines used to refer to a group of people who receive different and unequal treatment from others in society; often considered offensive
|
minority
|
|
|
those groups who are more likely to develop health problems and experience poorer outcomes becuase of limited access to care, high risk behaviors, and/or multiple and cumulative stressors
|
vulnerable populations
|
|
|
homeless people, poor people, the mentally ill, and older adults are examples of what?
|
vulnerable populations
|
|
|
True or false: Vulnerable populations can be considered subcultures of all of the major cultural groups
|
TRUE
|
|
|
There is more variation among people of the _________ ethnic groups but of different social classes than there is among people of ___________ ethnic groups but of the same social class
|
same, different
|
|
|
Public health initiative that addresses the care of vulnerable populations and includes an objective to eliminate health inequities.
|
Healthy People 2010Q
|
|
|
Nursing research that addresses inequeties include what two topics
|
the mentally ill
treatment of heart disease in women of color |
|
|
ethnicity is similar to ________ in that it refers to groups whose members share a common social and cultural heritage
|
culture
|
|
|
ethnicity is similar to __________ in that members of an ethnic group have some characteristics in common that are not shared by outsiders
|
subculture
|
|
|
people who originally came from any Spanish speaking country
|
Hispanic Americans
|
|
|
refers only to people from Latin America (central and south America)
|
Latino
|
|
|
unlike ethnicity, it is strictly related to biology
|
race
|
|
|
members of a particular _______share distinguishing physical characteristics such as skin color or bone structure
|
race
|
|
|
the terms race and ethnicity can overlao somewhat because race can be a characteristic of a specific what?
|
ethnic group
|
|
|
The U.S. Census Bureau divides race into the following six categories
|
-Americna Indians and Alaskan natives
-Asian Americans -Black or African Americans -Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islanders -White -Some other race |
|
|
refers to an organized system of beliefs regarding the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially the beliefs related to the worship of God
|
religion
|
|
|
the process of learning to become a member of society or a group
|
socialization
|
|
|
The agents of socialization.
|
families, churches, peer groups, and the media.
|
|
|
New members of a group or country
|
immigrants
|
|
|
immigrants assume the characteristics of the new culture through a process called
|
acculturation
|
|
|
True or false: a person who is acculturated accepts both his own and new culture, adopting elements of both
|
TRUE
|
|
|
How many generation does it take for an immigrant group to become acculturated
|
3
|
|
|
Occurs when the new members gradually learn and take on the dominant culture's essential values, beliefs, and bahaviors
|
cultural assimilation
|
|
|
Learning the dominant language, marrying someone from the new culture are examples of
|
becoming assimilated
|
|
|
Values are important because they ________ health related beliefs and practices
|
shape
|
|
|
a principle or standard that has meaning or worth to an individual
|
personal value
|
|
|
An example of a personal value that affects health
|
cleanliness
|
|
|
-Something one accepts as true
-Example |
-belief
-I believe germs cause disease |
|
|
-a set of bahaviors that one follows
-example |
-practice
-I was my hands before preparing food |
|
|
True or False: You should assume that clients share your values, beliefs, or practices
|
FALSE
|
|
|
-Values, beliefs, and practices that people from ALL cultures share
-examples |
-culture universals
-celebrating the birth of a baby |
|
|
-values, beliefs, and practices that are special or unique to a culture
-example |
-culture specifics
-in Belize, a baby is christened before visitors are allowed |
|
|
True or False: Acknowledging that there are commonalities within groups is the same as saying that ALL the people in the group have those characteristics
|
FALSE
|
|
|
There is more variation ____ an ethnic or cultural group than _________ the groups
|
within, between
|
|
|
Communication, space, time prientation, social organization, environmental control, and biological variations are six _________ ________ that influence health.
|
culture specifics
|
|
|
includes verbal and non-verbal language
|
communication
|
|
|
This group keeps steady eye contact when talking, but not between men and women
|
Arabs
|
|
|
True or False: Asian and Native AMericans do not usually make eye contact
|
TRUE
|
|
|
refers to a person's personal space or how the person relates toward the space around her
|
space
|
|
|
the behavior and attitude that people exhibit about the area around them that they have claimed
|
territorality
|
|
|
Americans, Canadians of Northern European descent and the British keep at least ______ inches between themselves and the person they are speaking with
|
18
|
|
|
Arabs and others from the middle east stand ________ when talking
|
close
|
|
|
__________ usually require a great deal of space, and consider looking into a room an invasion of privacy
|
Germans
|
|
|
True or False: Within all groups, personal space varies depending on the relationship between the people speaking
|
TRUE
|
|
|
What are the three types of time orientation
|
past, present, and future
|
|
|
This group tends to be future oriented
|
Europeans
|
|
|
These groups are more present oriented
|
Native Americans and Latinos
|
|
|
includes th family unit and the wider organizations (eg, religion) with which the individual or family identifies
|
social organization
|
|
|
Who is the decision maker and leader of the family in the African AMerican family
|
the woman (Matriarchial)
|
|
|
In which cultures is the man the decision maker and leader
|
Latino and Middle Eastern
|
|
|
a person's perception of her ability to plan activities that control nature or direct environmental factors
|
environmental control
|
|
|
An example of how environmental control affects health care
|
Asian Americans tend to accept pain and not demand pain relief
|
|
|
include ways in which people are different genetically and physiologically
|
biological variations
|
|
|
True or false: biological variations create susceptibility to certain diseases and injuries
|
TRUE
|
|
|
An exmaple of how biological variations affect health
|
Africna Americans metabolize anti-hypertensives differntly than European Americans
|
|
|
Example of how a person's religion may affect health care
|
Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions
|
|
|
In any culture what two healthcare systems usually exist side by side
|
indigenous and professional
|
|
|
consists of folk medicine and traditional healing methods
|
indigenous health care system
|
|
|
run by a set of healthcare providers who have been formally trained and educated
|
professional health care system
|
|
|
in Noth America, the professional health care system is dominated by what
|
the biomedical healthcare system
|
|
|
Practitioner in the professional healthcare system that use techniques such as diet, mind-body control, accupressure, and chiropractic
|
alternative health care
|
|
|
true or false:Many professional healthcare providers do not understand the beliefs and practices of the indigenous health care system.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
As a nurse you should become aware of and understand a _________ of helath beliefs and practices so that you can meet the needs of your patients
|
variety
|
|
|
Generally speaking, people follow one of three major health belief systems. Name them
|
-scientific or biomedical
-magico religous -holistic belief system |
|
|
what dominates the magico religous system
|
belief in the supernatural
|
|
|
example of magico-religous system
|
voodoo
|
|
|
focuses on the need for balance and harmony with the body and nature
|
holistic belief system
|
|
|
the largest subculture within the health care system
|
nursing
|
|
|
-silent suffering as a response to pain
-objective reporting and description of pain, but not an emotional response -use of the nursing process -nursing autonomy -caring are what |
Nursing Values
|
|
|
Some people of Mexican heritage blieve that illness is caused by the body's of what
|
"hot" and "cold"
|
|
|
Does hot and cold in reference to disease have anything to do with temperature
|
no
|
|
|
the beliefs and practices that the members of a cultural group follow when they are ill, as opposed to more conventional (e.g., biomedical) standards
|
folk medicine
|
|
|
Leninger observes that ________ cultures throughout the worls use folk medicine
|
all
|
|
|
In the North American culture, who is the folk healer?
|
the professional health care provider (eg., physician)
|
|
|
-the use of rigorously tested therapies to complement those of conventional medicine
-examples |
-complementary medicine
-chiropractic, biofeedback, certain supplements |
|
|
-therapies used INSTEAD of conventional medicine
-examples |
-alternative medicine
-irridology, aromatherapy, and magnet therapy |
|
|
True or false: The reliability of alternative medicine techniques has been validated through clinical testing
|
FALSE (it has not been clinically validated)
|
|
|
the traditional health care system of India
|
ayurveda
|
|
|
an appreciation of the external signs of diversity
|
cultural awareness
|
|
|
has to do with personal attitudes and bring careful not to say something that might be offensive to someone from a different culture
|
cultural sensitivity
|
|
|
cultural competence is attained on a continuum ranging from cultural _________ (most negative) to cultural _______ (most positive.
|
destructiveness, proficiency
|
|
|
Why can't you achieve cultural competence overnight?
|
it is a developmental process
|
|
|
This model stresses teamwork in providing culturally sensitive and competent care to improve outcomes for individuals, families, and communities
|
The Purnell Model
|
|
|
The pie shaped wedges in Purnells model depict the issues that ______ societies and humans share (eg, pregnancy, death)but are SPECIFIC TO THE CULTURE
|
all
|
|
|
The center of Purnell's wheel is empty because it represents that which is _______ about a cultural group
|
unknown
|
|
|
-discovering cultural care and caring beliefs
-analyzing similarities and differences of these beliefs among the different cultures are ways that nurses can achieve cultural competence according to who |
Leininger
|
|
|
the unsubstantiated belief that all people of a certain racial or ethnic group are alike in certain respects
|
cultural stereotype
|
|
|
negative attitudes toward other people atht are based on faulty and rigid stereotypes about race, gender, sexual orientation, etc
|
prejudice
|
|
|
refers to the behavioral manifestation of prejudice
|
discrimination (eg, not renting to African AMericans)
|
|
|
a form of prejudice and discrimination based on the belief that race is the principal dtermining factors of human traits and that racial differences produce a= natural superiority or inferiority
|
racism
|
|
|
assumption that members of one sex are superior to members of the other sex
|
sexism
|
|
|
The assumption of male superiority; common in many cultures and healthcare settings
|
male chauvinism
|
|
|
can involve foreign languages, regional dialects, street talk, and jargon
|
language barrier
|
|
|
conveying sympathy, showing respect, building rapport, establishing trust, and active listening are ways to get clients to what?
|
talk about themselves
|
|
|
-to assess and evaluate clients accurately, you need to know the normal _________ ___________ among healthy individuals of the population
-example |
-physiological variations
-body proportions, lab values |
|
|
Giger and Davidhizar's transcultural assessment models, Spector's heritage assessment assessment model, the Purnell model for cultural competence, and Andrews and Boyle's transcultural nursing assessment guide are examples of what
|
Cultural assessment models and tools
|
|
|
you must do what when folk or traditional practices might be harmful to the client
|
negotiate
|
|
|
Acknowledges the gap between the clients and the nurses perspectives
|
negotiation
|
|
|
When the nurse supports and encourages the client to greatly modify his behaviors and to adopt new and benefical behaviors while respecting his cultural beliefs is known as
|
cultural repatterning/restructuring
|
|
|
true or false: the best way to provide culturally competent care to patients who do not speak your language is to use a professional medical interpreter
|
TRUE
|
|
|
What is the difference between an interpreter and a translator?
|
An interpreter is trained to know the meaning behind the words, and a translator simply restates the words from one language to another.
|
|
|
How can you remember Carballeira's suggestion on how to become culturally competent?
|
LIVE and LEARN
Like Listen Inquire Evaluate Visit Acknowledge Experience Recommend Negotiate |
