Chapter 13; Endocrine System

Front 1

Outer portion of an adrenal gland

Back 1

Cortex

Front 2

Pertaining to internal secretions

Back 2

Endocrine

Front 3

Substance that promotes the production of urine.

Back 3

Diuretic

Front 4

Gland that releases its secretion internally into body fluid

Back 4

Endocrine Gland

Front 5

Gland that releases its secretion outside through a duct

Back 5

Exocrine Gland

Front 6

Substance that a cell secretes that affects another cell.

Back 6

Hormone

Front 7

Condition resulting from an above-normal secretion of thyroid hormone.

Back 7

Hyperthyroidism

Front 8

Hormone that promotes milk production.

Back 8

Prolactin

Front 9

Middle section of an adrenal gland.

Back 9

Adrenal Medulla

Front 10

Set of glands located near the surface of the thyroid gland.

Back 10

Parathyroid Gland

Front 11

Hormone that stimulates the uterine muscles to contract during childbirth

Back 11

Oxytocin

Front 12

Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex.

Back 12

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

Front 13

Substance that causes blood vessel walls to contract.

Back 13

Vasopressin

Front 14

(General Characteristics of the Endocrine System) Called such due to the fact that glandular cells secrete into other _________ (blood) rather than ________.

Back 14

Tissues; Ducts

Front 15

(General Characteristics of the Endocrine System) Endocrine glands help regulate metabolic processes such as rates of reactions, membrane transport, water and electrolyte balance & __________ __________ & ____________ __________.

Back 15

Blood pressure & Blood glucose

Front 16

(General Characteristics of the Endocrine System) Endocrine Glands help regulate metabolic processes such as rates of reactions, membrane transport, _________ & _________ __________, Blood pressure & Blood Glucose

Back 16

Water & Electrolyte Balance

Front 17

(General Characteristics of the Endocrine System) Endocrine Glands help regulate metabolic processes such as rates of reaction, __________ __________, water & electrolyte & Blood Pressure & Blood Glucose

Back 17

Membrane Transport

Front 18

(General Characteristics of the Endocrine System) Endocrine glands and their hormones help regulate metabolic activities such as ________ of _________, membrane transport, water & electrolyte balance, and blood pressure & blood glucose.

Back 18

Rate of Reaction

Front 19

Chemical messengers, called ____________, mediate the activities of the endocrine system.

Back 19

Hormones

Front 20

(Endocrine System) Secreted hormones are released in a general fashion in the ____________ ____________ and initiate a response in cells with receptors (binding sites) that match the hormones called target cells.

Back 20

Circulatory System

Front 21

(Endocrine System) Secreted hormones are released in a general fashion in the circulatory system and initiate a response in cells with ___________ (binding sites) that match the hormones called target cells.

Back 21

Receptors

Front 22

(Endocrine System) Secreted hormones are released in a general fashion in the circulatory system and initiate a response in cells with receptors (binding sites) that matches the hormones called __________ ________.

Back 22

Target Cells

Front 23

Glands that affect only neighboring cells.

Back 23

Paracrine

Front 24

Glands/cells that affect only themselves.

Back 24

Autocrine

Front 25

Paracrine glands are glands that affect only ___________ ___________.

Back 25

Neighboring Cells

Front 26

Autocrine glands are glands that affect only ____________.

Back 26

Themselves

Front 27

Exocrine glands always secrete their products into _____________.

Back 27

Ducts

Front 28

(General Characteristics of the Endocrine System) Endocrine glands and their hormones help regulate metabolic activities such as ________ of _________, membrane transport, water & electrolyte balance, and blood pressure & blood glucose.

Back 28

Rate of Reaction

Front 29

Chemical messengers, called ____________, mediate the activities of the endocrine system.

Back 29

Hormones

Front 30

(Endocrine System) Secreted hormones are released in a general fashion in the ____________ ____________ and initiate a response in cells with receptors (binding sites) that match the hormones called target cells.

Back 30

Circulatory System

Front 31

(Endocrine System) Secreted hormones are released in a general fashion in the circulatory system and initiate a response in cells with ___________ (binding sites) that match the hormones called target cells.

Back 31

Receptors

Front 32

(Endocrine System) Secreted hormones are released in a general fashion in the circulatory system and initiate a response in cells with receptors (binding sites) that matches the hormones called __________ ________.

Back 32

Target Cells

Front 33

Glands that affect only neighboring cells.

Back 33

Paracrine

Front 34

Glands/cells that affect only themselves.

Back 34

Autocrine

Front 35

Paracrine glands are glands that affect only ___________ ___________.

Back 35

Neighboring Cells

Front 36

Autocrine glands are glands that affect only ____________.

Back 36

Themselves

Front 37

Exocrine glands always secrete their products into _____________.

Back 37

Ducts

Front 38

Some organs perform both exocrine and endocrine functions, such as the _____________.

Back 38

Pancreas

Front 39

(HORMONE ACTION) Hormones are released into the ____________ spaces surrounding endocrine glands.

Back 39

Extracellular

Front 40

(HORMONE ACTION)
Hormones are released into extracellular spaces surrounding _________ glands.

Back 40

Endocrine

Front 41

(HORMONE ACTION)
Hormones are released into ___________ ___________ surrounding _________ __________.

Back 41

Extracellular Spaces --> Endocrine Glands

Front 42

Hormones diffuse into the _________ __________.

Back 42

Blood stream

Front 43

Hormones affect only ________ cells due to the presence of hormone specific receptors, or binding sites.

Back 43

Target

Front 44

Hormones affect only target cells due to the presence of hormone specific receptors, or _________ __________.

Back 44

Binding Sites

Front 45

Made from cholestrol and include sex hormones, estrogen and testosterone.

Back 45

Steroid Hormones

Front 46

Steroid hormones are made from _________ and include sex hormones, estrogen and testosterone.

Back 46

Cholestrol

Front 47

Steroid hormones are made from cholestrol and include ______ hormones, ________ and ____________.

Back 47

Sex hormones, estrogen & testosterone

Front 48

Adrenal Cortex Hormones -- Adolsterone & Cortisol

Back 48

Steroid Hormones

Front 49

Protein, Glycoprotein & Peptide are all examples of these hormones.

Back 49

Non-steroid Hormones

Front 50

Called amines and are derived from amino acids.

Back 50

Non-steroid hormones

Front 51

Non-Steroid Hormones are called amines and are derieved from ________ _________.

Back 51

Amino Acids

Front 52

Non-Steroid Hormones are called _________ and are derieved from amino acids.

Back 52

Amines

Front 53

Protein hormones -- Long chain of amino acids.

Back 53

Non-steroid hormones

Front 54

Non-Steroid Hormones are ___________ hormones -- Long chain of amino acids.

Back 54

Protein

Front 55

Non-Steroid Hormones are Protein-hormones -- Long chain of _________ _______.

Back 55

Amino acids

Front 56

Glycoproteins -- proteins joined to carbohydrates

Back 56

Non-steroid Hormones

Front 57

Non-steroid hormones such as _______________, are proteins joined to carbohydrates.

Back 57

Glycoproteins

Front 58

Non-steroid hormones such as glycoproteins are __________ joined to _______________.

Back 58

Carbohydrates

Front 59

Glycoproteins are produced by the _________ _________ gland.

Back 59

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Front 60

Prostaglandins -- paracrine substances are lipids and are synthesized in many tissues.

Back 60

Non-steroid Hormones

Front 61

Non-steroid hormones known as ______________; it's paracrine substances are lipids and are synthesized in many tissues.

Back 61

Prostaglandins

Front 62

Non-steroid hormones known as prostoglandins; it's paracrine substances are ___________ and are synthesized in many tissues.

Back 62

Lipids

Front 63

Non-steroid hormones known as prostoglandins; it's paracrine substances are Lipids and are _____________ in many tissues.

Back 63

Synthesized

Front 64

Non-steroid hormones known as Prostoglandins; it's paracrine substances are Lipids and are synthesized in many __________.

Back 64

Tissues

Front 65

Cells that hormones attach to

Back 65

Target Cells

Front 66

Steroid hormones, being lipid they are ____________ in water, or ECF/ICF

Back 66

Insoluble

Front 67

Steroid hormones, being lipid they are insoluble in _________, or ECF/ICF.

Back 67

Water

Front 68

Steroid hormones, being lipid, they are insoluble in water, or _____/_____.

Back 68

ECF/ICF

Front 69

Steroid hormones, being lipid, they are _________ in __________, or ECF/ICF.

Back 69

Insoluble in water

Front 70

_________ __________, being lipid, they are insoluble in water, or ECF/ICF.

Back 70

Steroid hormones

Front 71

Steroid hormones, being lipid, diffuse readily through the __________ _________ of any cell in the body

Back 71

Cell Membrane

Front 72

Steroid hormones, being lipid, ________ readily through any cell membrane of any cell in the body.

Back 72

Diffuse

Front 73

Steroid hormones, being lipid, diffuse readily through any cell membrane of _____ ______ in the _________.

Back 73

Any cell in the body

Front 74

Steroid hormones, being lipid ________ _________ through any cell membrane of any cell in the body.

Back 74

Diffuse readily

Front 75

_________ _________, being lipid diffuse readily through the cell membrane of any cell in the body.

Back 75

Steroid Hormones

Front 76

Steroid hormones & thyroid hormones are ___________ in __________.

Back 76

Insoluble in water

Front 77

Steroid hormones & thyroid hormones are insoluble in __________.

Back 77

water

Front 78

Steroid hormones & thyroid hormones are _________ in water.

Back 78

insoluble

Front 79

____________ & _____________ hormones are insoluble in water.

Back 79

Steroid & Thyroid

Front 80

Steroid & Thyroid hormones are carried in the bloodstream weakly bound to __________ proteins.

Back 80

Plasma

Front 81

Steroid & Thyroid hormones are carried in the _________ weakly bound to plasma proteins.

Back 81

Bloodstream

Front 82

Steroid & Thyroid hormones are carried in the bloodstream weakly bound to _________ ____________.

Back 82

Plasma proteins

Front 83

___________ & ________ hormones are carried in the bloodstream and weakly bound to plasma proteins.

Back 83

Steroid & Thyroid

Front 84

Steroid & Thyroid hormones are ___________ in water, and ____________ in lipids.

Back 84

Insoluble --> Soluble

Front 85

Steroid & Thyroid hormones are insoluble in __________, but soluble in ___________.

Back 85

Lipids

Front 86

Steroid & thyroid hormones combine with specific _________ receptors, usually in the nucleus.

Back 86

Protein

Front 87

Steroid & thyroid hormones combine with specific protein ________, usually in the nucleus.

Back 87

Receptors

Front 88

Steroid & thyroid hormones combine with specific protein receptors, usually in the ____________.

Back 88

Nucleus

Front 89

__________ & _________ hormones combine with specific protein receptors, usually in the nucleus.

Back 89

Steroid & Thyroid

Front 90

Steroid & Thyroid hormones combine with specific __________ __________, usually in the nucleus.

Back 90

Protein Receptors

Front 91

(Steroid & Thyroid hormones) The hormone-receptor complex binds in the nucleusto particular DNA sequences, either activating or inhibiting specific ________.

Back 91

genes

Front 92

(Steroid & Thyroid hormones) The hormone-receptor complex binds in the nucleus to particular DNA sequences, either ___________ or ___________ specific genes.

Back 92

Activating or Inhibiting

Front 93

(Steroid & thyroid hormones) The hormone-receptor complex binds in the nucleus to particular ______ _____________, either activating or inhibiting specific genes.

Back 93

DNA sequences

Front 94

(Steroid & thyroid hormones) The _________-__________ complex binds in the nucleus to particular DNA sequences, either activating or inhibiting specific genes.

Back 94

Hormone-receptor complex

Front 95

(Steroid & thyroid hormones) The hormone-receptor complex binds in the _______ to particular DNA sequences, either activating or inhibiting specific genes.

Back 95

Nucleus

Front 96

(Steroid & thyroid hormones) After the hormone-receptor complex binds in the nucleus to particular DNA sequences, activated genes are then transcribed into ________, which enters the cytoplasm where it directs synthesis of specific proteins.

Back 96

mRNA

Front 97

(Steroid & thyroid hormones) After the hormone-receptor complex binds in the nucleus to particular DNA sequences, activated genes are transcribed in mRNA, which enters the _________ where it directs synthesis of specific protein.

Back 97

Cytoplasm

Front 98

(Steroid & thyroid hormones) These hormones are transcribed in the _________.

Back 98

mRNA

Front 99

(Steroid & Thyroid hormones) mRNA enters the __________, where it directs synthesis of specific protein.

Back 99

Cytoplasm

Front 100

Example of a steroid hormone which enters the kidney tubule cells to stimulate them to produce more Na+/K+ pumps to reclaim sodium from filtrate.

Back 100

Aldosterone

Front 101

These hormones include amine, peptide & protein.

Back 101

Non-steroid hormones

Front 102

In Non-steroid hormones each receptor molecule is a protein and has two sites, an _________ (binding) and an __________ (activity) site.

Back 102

Outer --> Inner

Front 103

In Non-steroid hormones each receptor molecule is a protein and has two sites, an outer (__________) and an inner (_______) site.

Back 103

Binding --> Active

Front 104

In ___________ hormones each receptor molecule is a protein and has two sites, an outer (binding) and an inner (active) site.

Back 104

Non-steroid

Front 105

In Non-steroid proteins, each receptor molecule is a _______ and has two ______, an outer(binding) and inner(active)

Back 105

Protein and has two sites

Front 106

Non-steroid hormones combine with the outer(binding) site this causes the inner(activity) site to interact with other __________ ___________.

Back 106

Membrane proteins

Front 107

Non-steroid hormones combine with the _______(_____) site, this causes the inner(activity) site to interact with other membrane proteins.

Back 107

Outer(binding)

Front 108

Non-steroid hormones combine with the outer(binding) site, this causes the _______(_________) site to interact with other membrane proteins.

Back 108

Inner(activity)

Front 109

In Non-steroid hormones, the hormone combines with the _________(_________) site.

Back 109

Binding (Outer)

Front 110

In Non-steroid hormones, the hormone combines with the binding (outer) site, this causes the (inner) activity siite to _____________________________________.

Back 110

Interact with other membrane proteins

Front 111

In Non-steroid hormones, the hormone combines with the binding (outer) site, this causes the (inner) activity site to interact with other ____________ ____________.

Back 111

membrane proteins

Front 112

In Non-steroid hormones, the hormone combines with the binding (outer) site, this causes the (_________)__________ site to interact with other membrane proteins.

Back 112

(Inner) activity

Front 113

In Non-steroid hormones, the ___________ __________ molecule is known as the first messenger.

Back 113

Initial Hormone

Front 114

In Non-Steroid hormones, the initial hormone is known as the ___________ ___________.

Back 114

First Messenger

Front 115

In Non-Steroid hormones, the chemical components that respond within the cell are called ____________ ___________.

Back 115

Second Messengers

Front 116

In Non-Steroid hormones, the ___________ ____________ that respond within a cell are called Second Messengers.

Back 116

Chemical Components

Front 117

(Non-Steroid Hormones) Many hormones use a __________ as a second messenger.

Back 117

cAMP

Front 118

(Non-Steroid Hormones) Cyclid AMP means ____________ ______________.

Back 118

Adenosine Monophosphate

Front 119

(Non-Steroid Hormones) The hormone-receptor complex activates a protein is called a _____________.

Back 119

G-Protein

Front 120

(Non-Steroid Hormones) A G-Protein is a __________-__________ complex that activates a protein.

Back 120

Hormone-receptor

Front 121

(Non-Steroid Hormones) A G-Protein is a hormone-receptor complex that activates a ________________.

Back 121

Protein

Front 122

(Non-Steroid Hormones) The G-Protein _________ an enzyme, called Adenylate Cyclase.

Back 122

Activates

Front 123

(Non-Steroid Hormones) The G-Protein activates an enzyme, called __________ _____________.

Back 123

Adenylate Cyclase

Front 124

(Non-Steroid Hormones) The __________ activates an enzyme called Adenylate Cyclase.

Back 124

G-Protein

Front 125

(Non-Steroid Hormones) An enzyme released by G-Protein that is an integral membrane protein on the inside surface of the cell membrane.

Back 125

Adenylate Cyclase

Front 126

(Non-Steroid Hormones) Adenylate Cyclase is an integral membrane protein on the inside surface of the __________ _________.

Back 126

Cell Membrane

Front 127

(Non-Steroid Hormones) Adenylate Cyclase is an __________ ___________ protein on the inside surface of the cell body.

Back 127

Integral Membrane

Front 128

(Non-Steroid Hormones) Adenylate Cyclase is an integral membrane protein on the _________ _________ of the cell body.

Back 128

Inside Surface

Front 129

Kin means

Back 129

To Move

Front 130

To Move

Back 130

Kin

Front 131

(Non-Steroid Proteins) The activated adenylate cyclase removes two ________ from an ATP, forming a cyclic AMP.

Back 131

-PO(4)

Front 132

(Non-Steroid Proteins) The activated adenylate cyclase removes two -PO(4) from an ATP, forming a __________.

Back 132

cyclic AMP

Front 133

(NON-Steroid Proteins) The __________ __________ ________ removes two -PO(4) from an ATP, forming a cyclic AMP.

Back 133

Activated Adenylate Cyclase

Front 134

(Non-Steroid Proteins) The activated adenylate cyclase removes two -PO(4) from an __________, forming a cyclic AMP.

Back 134

ATP

Front 135

Prostaglandins are very potent and are found in ________ quantities.

Back 135

Minute

Front 136

Prostaglandins are very ________ and are found in minute quantities.

Back 136

Potent

Front 137

Prostoglandins are not stored, but are ___________ just before release.

Back 137

Synthesized

Front 138

Prostoglandins are not ________, but are synthesized just before release.

Back 138

STORED

Front 139

Prostoglandins are not stored, but are synthesized just before _________.

Back 139

Release

Front 140

Prostoglandins balance _____________ __________ __________, such as the stomach, adrenals & regulate BP.

Back 140

Antagonistic Organs' Activities

Front 141

Prostoglandins balance antagonistic organs' activities, such as the __________, __________, and regulate BP.

Back 141

Stomach, Adrenals & Regulate BP

Front 142

Prostoglandins affect ____________ and promote inflammation.

Back 142

Reproduction

Front 143

Prostoglandins affect reproduction and promote _______________.

Back 143

Inflammation

Front 144

Very potent and are found in minute qualities.

Back 144

Prostoglandins

Front 145

Not stored, but are synthesized just before release.

Back 145

Prostoglandins

Front 146

Regulate cellular responses to hormones.

Back 146

Prostoglandins

Front 147

Balance antagonistic organs' activities, such as the stomach, adrenals and regulate BP.

Back 147

Prostoglandins

Front 148

Affect reproduction and promote inflammation.

Back 148

Prostoglandins

Front 149

(Control of Hormone Secretion) Why is precision necessary?

Back 149

Because hormones exert a very powerful effect.

Front 150

The three modes of control for hormone secretion are
1)
2)
3)

Back 150

1) Hypothalamus
2) Nervous System
3) Another group of glands or cells

Front 151

The three modes of control for hormone secretion are all (positive/negative) feedback?

Back 151

Negative feedback

Front 152

(Mode of control for hormone secretion) Controls the anterior pituitary glands' release of tropic hormones monitors via negative feedback how much is needed and present.

Back 152

Hypothalamus

Front 153

(Mode of control for hormone secretion) (1) Hypothalamus - controls the _________ _________ _______'s release of tropic hormones. Monitors via negative feedback, how much is needed and present.

Back 153

anterior pituitary gland's

Front 154

(Mode of control for hormone secretion) (1) Hypothalamus - controls the anterior pituitary gland's release of ______ _______. Monitors via negative feedback, how much is needed and how much is present.

Back 154

Tropic Hormones

Front 155

(Mode of control for hormone secretion) (1) Hypothalamus - controls the anterior pituitary gland's release of tropic hormones. Monitors via negative feedback, how much is ______ and how much is ______.

Back 155

needed & present

Front 156

(Mode of control for hormone secretion) This system stimulates some glands e.g. adrenal glands, which it stimulates directly via nerves to the secretory cells of the gland.

Back 156

Nervous system

Front 157

(Mode of control for hormone secretion) (2) The nervous system stimulates some glands e.g. _____________, which it stimulates directly via nerves to the secretory cells of the gland.

Back 157

Adrenal glands

Front 158

(Mode of control for hormone secretion) (2) The nervous system stimulates some glands e.g. adrenal glands, which stimulates directly via __________ to the secretory cells of the gland.

Back 158

Nerves

Front 159

(Mode of control of hormone secretion) (2) The nervous system stimulates some glands e.g. adrenal glands which stimulates via nerves to the ________ _________ of the gland.

Back 159

Secretory cells

Front 160

(Mode of control of hormone secretion) (3) Another group of ________, or _________, that responds directly to levels of substances in the body.

Back 160

Glands; cells

Front 161

(Mode of control of hormone secretion) (3) Another group of glands, or cells that responds directly to levels of __________ in the _____.

Back 161

levels of substances in the body

Front 162

The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, whose alpha cells produce glucagon to increase blood glucose by the breakdown of glycogen is an example of ....

Back 162

A mode of control of hormone secretion through a gland or cell that responds directly to levels of substances in the body.

Front 163

(Mode of control of hormone secretion) The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, whose alpha cells produce _________ to increase blood glucose by the breakdown of glycogen.

Back 163

glucagen

Front 164

(Mode of control of hormone secretion) (3) The islets of ________ of the pancreas, whose alpha cells produce glucagen to increase blood glucose by the breakdown of glycogen.

Back 164

Langerhans

Front 165

(Mode of control of hormone secretion) (3) The islets of Langerhans of the _________, whose alpha cells produce glucagen to increase blood glucose by the breakdown of glycogen.

Back 165

Pancreas

Front 166

(Mode of control of hormone secretion) (3) The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, whose ______ ________ produce glucagon to increase blood glucose by the breakdown of glycogen.

Back 166

Alpha cells

Front 167

(Mode of control of hormone secretion) (3) The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas whose alpha cells produce glucagon to increase blood glucose by the breakdown of ________.

Back 167

Glycogen

Front 168

(Major endocrine glands) (9)
HOPPPATTT

Back 168

(1) Hypothalamus
(2) Ovaries
(3) Pituitary
(4) Pancreas
(5) Parathyroid
(6) Adrenal
(7) Testis
(8) Thymus
(9) Thyroid

Front 169

(Major Endocrine Glands) Called the "master gland", also called the hypophysis

Back 169

Pituitary gland

Front 170

(Major Endocrine Glands) Attached to the base of the brain at the hypothalamus by a stalk, called the infundibulum and occupies the sella turica of the sphenoid bone.

Back 170

Pituitary gland

Front 171

(Major Endocrine Glands) The PITUITARY GLAND is attached to the base of the brain at the hypothalamus by a stalk called the ____________ and occupies the sella turica of the sphenoid bone.

Back 171

Infundibulum

Front 172

(Major Endocrine Glands) The PITUITARY GLAND is attached to the base of the ______ at the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum and occupies the sella turica of the _________ _________.

Back 172

Sphenoid Bone

Front 173

(Major Endocrine Glands) GH (growth hormone, TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) & FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) are all secreted from this lobe.

Back 173

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland/ adenohypophysis

Front 174

(Major Endocrine Glands) All of the following are hormones that are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland except:
(A) GH (growth hormone)
(B) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
(C) PTSH (parathyroid stimulating hormone)
(D) ACTH (adrenocortiocotropic hormone)
(E) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Back 174

(C) PTSH

Front 175

(Major Endocrine Glands) GH (growth hormone) is secreted from this lobe.

Back 175

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Front 176

(Major Endocrine Glands) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is secreted from this lobe.

Back 176

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Front 177

(Major Endocrine Glands) ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) is secreted from this lobe.

Back 177

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Front 178

(Major Endocrine Glands) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) is secreted from this lobe.

Back 178

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Front 179

(Major Endocrine Glands) GH stands for...

Back 179

Growth hormone

Front 180

(Major Endocrine Glands) TSH stands for...

Back 180

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Front 181

(Major Endocrine Glands) ACTH stands for...

Back 181

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Front 182

(Major Endocrine Glands) FSH stands for...

Back 182

Follicle stimulating hormone

Front 183

(Major Endocrine Glands) LH stands for...

Back 183

Leuteninizing hormone

Front 184

(Major Endocrine Glands) PRL stands for...

Back 184

Prolactin

Front 185

(Major Endocrine Glands) PRL (prolactin) is secreted from this lobe.

Back 185

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Front 186

(Major Endocrine Glands) LH (leutenizing hormone) is secreted from this lobe.

Back 186

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Front 187

(Major Endocrine Glands) This lobe consists of nerve fibers and neuroglial cells that are termed pituicytes.

Back 187

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland/neurohyposphysis

Front 188

(Major Endocrine Glands) This lobe of specialized neurons produce ADH (antidiuretic hormone) & OT (oxytocin)

Back 188

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland/neurohydophysis

Front 189

(Major Endocrine Glands) ADH (antidiruetic hormone) secretes from this lobe.

Back 189

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland/neurohydophysis.

Front 190

(Major Endocrine Glands) OT (oxytocin) secretes from this lobe.

Back 190

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland/neurohydophysis.

Front 191

(Major Endocrine Glands) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces
(A) LH (leuteinizing hormone)
(B) ADH (antidiruetic hormone)
(C) ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)
(D) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Back 191

(B) ADH *antidiruetic hormone*

Front 192

(Major Endocrine Glands) The posterior pituitary lobe is referred to as the _____________ because it is controlled by the brain (hypothalamus).

Back 192

Neurohypophysis

Front 193

(Major Endocrine Glands) The posterior pituitary lobe is controlled by the ________ (_________) via nerve impulses.

Back 193

Brain (hypothalamus)

Front 194

(Major Endocrine Gland) The posterior pituitary lobe is controlled by the brain (hypothalamus) via _______ ___________.

Back 194

Nerve impulses

Front 195

(Major Endocrine Gland) The anterior pituitary lobe is controlled by this system.

Back 195

Hypophyseal Portal System

Front 196

(Major Endocrine Gland) This system controls the anterior pituitary lobe by releasing hormones produced by cells in the hypothalamus and carries them to the adenophypophysis.

Back 196

Hypophyseal Portal System

Front 197

(Major Endocrine Gland) The Hypophyseal System controls this lobe.

Back 197

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Front 198

(Major Endocrine Gland) The Hypophyseal System controls the anterior pituitary lobe by releasing hormones produced by cells in the ______________ and carries them to the ________________,

Back 198

Hypothalalmus --> Adrenophypophysis

Front 199

(Major Endocrine Glands) Ultimately controlled via a negative feedback system using blood as a medium.

Back 199

Hypophyseal Portal System

Front 200

(Major Endocrine Glands) The Hypophyseal Portal System ultimately controlled via a negative feedback system, uses the _________ as a medium.

Back 200

Blood

Front 201

(Major Endocrine Glands) A series of two capillary beds, one in the hypothalamus and the other in the adenohypophysis directly connected by veins.

Back 201

Hypophyseal Portal System

Front 202

(Major Endocrine Glands) This system contains a series of two capillary beds, one in the ___________ and the other in the ___________ directly connected by veins.

Back 202

Hypothalamus & Adenohypophysis

Front 203

(Major Endocrine Glands) Hormones released in the hypophyseal portal system each have its specific target cells in the ________ _________.

Back 203

Anterior pituitary

Front 204

(Major Endocrine Glands) These hormones control the pituitary portal system.

Back 204

Anterior pituitary hormones

Front 205

(Major Endocrine Glands) Also called somatotrophin, this protein stimulates cells to enlarge and divide.

Back 205

GH (growth hormone)

Front 206

(Major Endocrine Glands) Growth Hormone is also called ___________.

Back 206

Somatotrophin

Front 207

(Major Endocrine Glands) Somatotrophin is also called ___________.

Back 207

Growth Hormone

Front 208

(Major Endocrine Glands) Growth hormone (GH) is a protein that stimulates cells to ____________ and _________.

Back 208

Enlarge & Divide

Front 209

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone is secreted in pulses, especially during sleep.

Back 209

Growth Hormone

Front 210

(Major Endocrine Glands) Growth Hormone (GH) is secreted in pulses, especially during _________.

Back 210

Sleep

Front 211

(Major Endocrine Glands) Growth Hormone's secretion is stimulated by ________. (________ ________ ________ _________)

Back 211

GHRH (Growth hormone releasing hormone)

Front 212

(Major Endocrine Glands) Growth Hormone's secretion is inhibited by ______. (___________).

Back 212

SS (Somatostatin)

Front 213

(Major Endocrine Glands) (TRUE/FALSE) Growth hormone works well on bone but not on cartilage.

Back 213

TRUE

Front 214

(Major Endocrine Glands) (TRUE/FALSE) Growth hormone works well on cartilage but not on bone.

Back 214

FALSE

Front 215

(Major Endocrine Glands) This somatomedin produced by the liver, promotes the growth of cartilage.

Back 215

ILGF (Insulin-like growth factor)

Front 216

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin-like growth factor (ILGF) is a somatomedin produced by the liver which promotes the growth of ________.

Back 216

Cartilage

Front 217

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin-like growth factor (ILGF) is controlled by _______ and somatostatin.

Back 217

GHRH

Front 218

(Major Endocrine Glands) When growth hormone (GH) has a deficiency before puberty it results in _________.

Back 218

Dwarfism

Front 219

(Major Endocrine Glands) Dwarfism is the result of growth hormone's deficiency before ________.

Back 219

Puberty

Front 220

(Major Endocrine Glands) Dwarfism is the result of ___________ __________'s deficiency before puberty.

Back 220

Growth Hormone's

Front 221

(Major Endocrine Glands) When growth hormone has an excess before puberty it results in this disorder.

Back 221

Gigantism

Front 222

(Major Endocrine Glands) Gigantism is the result of growth hormone's excess before _______.

Back 222

Puberty

Front 223

(Major Endocrine Glands) Gigantism is the result of ________ __________ excess before puberty,

Back 223

Growth Hormone's

Front 224

(Major Endocrine Glands) When growth hormone has an excess after puberty it results in this disorder.

Back 224

Acromegaly

Front 225

(Major Endocrine Glands) Acromegaly is the result of growth hormone's excess after __________.

Back 225

Puberty

Front 226

(Major Endocrine Glands) Acromegaly is the result of _________ ____________ excess after puberty.

Back 226

Growth Hormone's

Front 227

(Major Endocrine Glands) A protein that produces breast-milk production.

Back 227

Prolactin (PRL)

Front 228

(Major Endocrine Glands) Prolactin (PRL) is a protein that promotes ________-________ production.

Back 228

Breast-milk

Front 229

(Major Endocrine Glands) Prolactin (PRL) is controlled by _ _ _ & _ _ _.

Back 229

PIH (prolactin release inhibiting hormone) & PRF (prolactin releasing factor)

Front 230

(Major Endocrine Glands) This protein is controlled by PIH (prolactin release inhibiting hormone) & PRF (prolactin releasing factor)

Back 230

Prolactin

Front 231

(Major Endocrine Glands) Excess Prolactin decreases secretion of (____)_______ _______, which decreases male sex hormones (androgens) and may result in impotency.

Back 231

(LH) Luteinizing Hormone

Front 232

(Major Endocrine Glands) Excess of this protein decreases secretion of LH (luteinizing hormone) which decreases male sex hormones (androgens) and may result in impotency.

Back 232

Prolactin

Front 233

(Major Endocrine Glands) Excess PRL (Prolactin) decreases secretion of LH (Luteinizing Hormone) which decreases male sex hormones (_______) and may result in ________.

Back 233

Androgens; Impotency

Front 234

(Major Endocrine Glands) A glycoprotein also known as thyrotropin.

Back 234

(TSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone.

Front 235

(Major Endocrine Glands) Controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid gland.

Back 235

(TSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone.

Front 236

(Major Endocrine Glands) TSH controls secretion of certain hormones from the ________.

Back 236

Thyroid

Front 237

(Major Endocrine Glands) Can stimulate growth of the thyroid gland.

Back 237

(TSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone

Front 238

(Major Endocrine Glands) TSH can stimuate growth of the __________ ____________.

Back 238

Thyroid gland

Front 239

(Major Endocrine Glands) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is controlled by (_ _ _)

Back 239

(THR) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

Front 240

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone is controlled by THR.

Back 240

(TSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone.

Front 241

(Major Endocrine Glands) High levels of TSH can cause an enlarged thyroid gland, called a _______.

Back 241

Goiter

Front 242

(Major Endocrine Glands) High levels of ______ can cause an enlarged ________ gland, called a goiter.

Back 242

TSH... thyroid gland

Front 243

(Major Endocrine Glands) Emotional stress can either elevate or depress secretion of _______ and _______.

Back 243

TRH & TSH

Front 244

(Major Endocrine Glands) _________ ___________ can either elevate or depress secretion of TRH & TSH.

Back 244

Emotional stress

Front 245

(Major Endocrine Glands) Emotional stress can either ________ or _______ secretion of TRH & TSH.

Back 245

Elevate or Depress

Front 246

(Major Endocrine Glands) This peptide controls manufacture and secretion of certain adrenal cortex hormones.

Back 246

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

Front 247

(Major Endocrine Glands) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, is a peptide that controls manufacture and secretion of certain _________ __________ hormones.

Back 247

Adrenal cortex

Front 248

(Major Endocrine Glands) Peptide controlled by CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone)

Back 248

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

Front 249

(Major Endocrine Glands) Increased secretions of ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone) is caused by _________.

Back 249

Stress

Front 250

(Major Endocrine Glands) Stress can cause increased secretion of (________) by stimulating the release of CRH.

Back 250

ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)

Front 251

(Major Endocrine Glands) Stress can cause increased secretion of ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) by stimulating the release of _____.

Back 251

CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone)

Front 252

(Major Endocrine Glands) Both of these hormones are called gonadotropins and are glycoproteins.

Back 252

(FSH) follicle stimulating hormone & (LH) luteinizing hormone

Front 253

(Major Endocrine Glands) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) are both called ____________ and are glycoproteins.

Back 253

Gonadotropins

Front 254

(Major Endocrine Glands) These two hormones act on reproductive organs.

Back 254

FSH & LH

Front 255

(Major Endocrine Glands) FSH & LH both act on ____________ organs.

Back 255

Reproductive

Front 256

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone causes growth and development of the follicles that house the egg cells in the ovaries, and stimulates these follicular cells to produce estrogens.

Back 256

FSH

Front 257

(Major Endocrine Glands) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) causes growth and development of the follicles that house the _____ cells in the ovaries, and stimulates these follicular cells to produce estrogens.

Back 257

Egg

Front 258

(Major Endocrine Glands) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) causes growth and development of the follicles that house the egg cells in the ______, and stimulates these follicular cells to produce ________.

Back 258

Ovaries, Estrogens

Front 259

(Major Endocrine Glands) In males, FSH stimulates the production of _______ cells in the ________.

Back 259

Sperm cells in the testes

Front 260

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone stimulates the production of sperm cells in the male testes.

Back 260

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Front 261

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone promotes secretion of sex hormones in both males and females.

Back 261

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Front 262

(Major Endocrine Glands) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) promotes secretion of ______ hormones in both males and females.

Back 262

Sex

Front 263

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone is the essential for release of the egg cells from the follicles of the ovaries.

Back 263

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Front 264

(Major Endocrine Glands) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is the essential for ________ of the ______ cells from the follicles of the ovaries.

Back 264

Release of the egg cells

Front 265

(Major Endocrine Glands) These hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and travel down axons in the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary for release into the blood in response to nerve impulses from the hypothalamus.

Back 265

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Front 266

(Major Endocrine Glands) Anterior vs. Posterior pituitary hormones. Which one is connected by nerve impulses and which one is connected by blood vessels?

Back 266

Posterior = nerve impulses
Anterior = blood vessels

Front 267

(Major Endocrine Glands) Posterior pituitary hormone, also known as vasopressin. This is a short polypeptide.

Back 267

Antidiruetic hormone (ADH)

Front 268

(Major Endocrine Glands) Antidiruetic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is a (ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR) hormone.

Back 268

POSTERIOR

Front 269

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone decreases urine formation -- or "conserves" water and regulates concentration of body fluids.

Back 269

Antidiutic Hormone (ADH)

Front 270

(Major Endocrine Glands) Antidiutic Hormone (ADH) decreases ______ formation or "conserves" water and regulates concentration of body fluids.

Back 270

Urine

Front 271

(Major Endocrine Glands) Antidiutic Hormone (ADH) decreases urine formation or "_________" water and regulates concentration of body fluids.

Back 271

Conserves

Front 272

(Major Endocrine Glands) Antidiutic Hormone (ADH) decreases urine formation or "conserves" water and ___________ concentration of _____ _______.

Back 272

Regulates concentration of body fluids

Front 273

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone can contract the certain smooth muscles, including those in the walls of the blood vessels.

Back 273

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Front 274

(Major Endocrine Glands) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) can contract the certain _______ ________, including those in the walls of the blood vessels.

Back 274

Smooth Muscles

Front 275

(Major Endocrine Glands) The release of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is stimulated by reduced _______ ________.

Back 275

Blood Pressure

Front 276

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone's release is stimulated by reduced blood pressure.

Back 276

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Front 277

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone functions in vasoconstriction and water retention.

Back 277

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Front 278

(Major Endocrine Glands) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is controlled by the _____________ by means of osmoreceptors and baroreceptors.

Back 278

Hypothalamus

Front 279

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone is controlled by the hypothalamus by osmoreceptors and baroreceptors.

Back 279

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Front 280

(Major Endocrine Glands) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is controlled by the hypothalamus by ______receptors and _______receptors.

Back 280

Osmoreceptors and Baroreceptors

Front 281

(Major Endocrine Glands) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is associated with this disorder.

Back 281

Diabetes Insipidus

Front 282

(Major Endocrine Glands) Diabetes Inipidus is associated with this hormone.

Back 282

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Front 283

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone is a short polypeptide which also has some antidiuretic properties.

Back 283

Oxytocin (OT)

Front 284

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone functions in uterine contractions of labor, milk "let down", sexual function and possibly movement of fluids in both male and female sexual/reproductive activity.

Back 284

Oxytocin (OT)

Front 285

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone is controlled by the hypothalamic response to uterine, vagina, breast/nipple and mental/emotional stimulation.

Back 285

Oxytocin (OT)

Front 286

(Major Endocrine Glands) This gland is located in the throat on the anterior aspect of the larynx, somewhat "H"-shaped with two lobes.

Back 286

Thyroid gland

Front 287

(Major Endocrine Glands) The thyroid gland produces these three hormones.
TTC

Back 287

1.) Thyroxine
2.) Triiodothyronine
3.) Calcitonin

Front 288

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone of the thyroid is also called tetraiodothyronine, or T(4) due to it having 4 atoms of iodine.

Back 288

Thyroxine

Front 289

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone of the thyroid is known as T(4).

Back 289

Thyroxine

Front 290

(Major Endocrine Glands) The thyroxine hormone of the thyroid is known as __( ).

Back 290

T4

Front 291

(Major Endocrine Glands) The hormone Thyroxine is known as T(4) because it has 4 atoms of __________.

Back 291

Iodine

Front 292

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone of the thyroid is known as T(3) due to having 3 atoms of iodine.

Back 292

Triiodothyronine

Front 293

(Major Endocrine Glands) The triiodothyronine hormone of the thyroid is also known as __( ).

Back 293

T3

Front 294

(Major Endocrine Glands) The triiodothyronine hormone of the thyroid is also known as T(3) because it has 3 atoms of ___________.

Back 294

Iodine

Front 295

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone is not usually classified as thyroid hormone due to its production is not in the follicles of the thyroid tissue, but in the "C" cells of the thyroid gland.

Back 295

Calcitonin

Front 296

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin is not usually classified as a thyroid hormone due to its production is not in the follicles of thyroid tissues but in the "____" cells of the thyroid gland.

Back 296

"C" Cells

Front 297

(Major Endocrine Glands) These three hormones regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

Back 297

Thyroxine, Triidothyronine & Calcitonin

Front 298

(Major Endocrine Glands) Thyroxin, Triithyronine and Calcitonin are all hormones that regulate the __________ of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

Back 298

Metabolism

Front 299

(Major Endocrine Glands) Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine and Calcitonin all affect the _________ rate. Especially the basal _______ rate, the resting ______ rate.

Back 299

Metabolic, Metabolic, Metabolic

Front 300

(Major Endocrine Glands) Thyroxine, Triidothyronine and Calcitonin all affect the metabolic rate. Especially the ________ ________ _________ => the resting rate.

Back 300

Basal Metabolic Rate

Front 301

(Major Endocrine Glands) Which three hormones affects the metabolic rate?

Back 301

Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine and Calcitonine

Front 302

(Major Endocrine Glands) This is accomplished by affecting the rate at which protein is synthesized, lipids are broken down and metabolized and how many calories the body must consume.

Back 302

Basal Metabolic Rate

Front 303

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone is produced by the "C" cells of the thyroid, not the follicles.

Back 303

Calcitonin

Front 304

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin is the hormone produced by the "____" cells of the thyroid, not the __________.

Back 304

"C" cells not the follicles

Front 305

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone controls blood calcium and phosphate concentrations.

Back 305

Calcitonin

Front 306

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin controls blood _________ and phosphate __________.

Back 306

Calcium & Concentrations

Front 307

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin controls __________ calcium and __________ concentrations.

Back 307

Blood & Phosphate

Front 308

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone lowers concentrations of serum Ca(+) and -PO4 ions by decreasing how fast they leave bones and inhibiting the bone dissolving properties of osteoclasts.

Back 308

Calcitonin

Front 309

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin (Raises/Lowers) concentrations of serum Ca(+) and -PO4 ions by decreasing how fast they leave bones and inhibiting the bone dissolving properties of osteoclasts.

Back 309

Lowers

Front 310

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin lowers concentrations of serum ______ and _______ ions by decreasing how fast they leave bones and inhibiting the bone dissolving properties of osteoclasts.

Back 310

Ca(+) & -PO4

Front 311

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin lowers concentrations of serum Ca(+) and -PO4 ions by decreasing how fast they leave bones and inhibiting the bone dissolving properties of ____________.

Back 311

Osteoclasts

Front 312

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone promotes the bone-building activities of the osteoblasts.

Back 312

Calcitonin

Front 313

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin promotes the _________-_________ activities of osteoblasts.

Back 313

Bone building

Front 314

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin promotes the bone building activities of ________.

Back 314

Osteoblasts

Front 315

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone prevents bone resorption during pregnancy (Ca and Phos required for milk and bone)

Back 315

Calcitonin

Front 316

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin prevents bone resorption during __________ (Ca and Phos required for milk and bone)

Back 316

Pregnancy

Front 317

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone increases excretion of Ca(+) and -PO4 ions by the kidneys.

Back 317

Calcitonin

Front 318

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin increases excretion of _____ and _____ ions by the kidneys.

Back 318

Ca(+) and -PO4

Front 319

(Major Endocrine Glands) Calcitonin increases excretion of Ca(+) and -PO4 ions by the ________.

Back 319

Kidneys

Front 320

(Major Endocrine Glands) A deficiency of thyroxine or thyroid in newborn babies results in this disorder. (a developmental retardation)

Back 320

Cretinism

Front 321

(Major Endocrine Glands) A deficiency of ___________ or __________ in newborn babies results in cretinism (a developmental retardation)

Back 321

Thyroxine or Thyroid

Front 322

(Major Endocrine Glands) This results in Grave's disease, which symptoms include weight loss, rapid HR, sweating and exopthalmos.

Back 322

Hyperthyroidism

Front 323

(Major Endocrine Glands) Hyperthyroidism results in this disease, which symptoms include weight loss, rapid HR, sweating and exopthalmos.

Back 323

Grave's Disease

Front 324

(Major Endocrine Glands) Hyperthyroidism results in Grave's disease. What are three symptoms of this disease?

Back 324

Weight loss, Rapid HR, Sweating & Exopthalmos

Front 325

(Major Endocrine Glands) This protrusion of the eyes is a symptom of Grave's disease.

Back 325

Exopthalmus

Front 326

(Major Endocrine Glands) Exopthalmus is a symptom of Grave's Disease; and means protrusion of the ______.

Back 326

eyes

Front 327

(Major Endocrine Glands) Thyroid and Thyroxine disorders: A deficiency in this may result in goiter -- enlargement of the thyroid.

Back 327

Iodine

Front 328

(Major Endocrine Glands) Thyroid and Thyroxine disorders: Iodine deficiency may result in _______ -- enlargement of the thyroid.

Back 328

Goiter

Front 329

(Major Endocrine Glands) Hyperthyroidism also results in ________, which symptoms include low MR, feeling chilled, constipation; thick, dry skin and puffy eyes; edema; lethargy; and mental sluggishness-- but not mental retardation.

Back 329

Myxedema

Front 330

(Major Endocrine Glands) ______________ also results in Myxedema, which symptoms include low MR, feeling chilled, constipation; thick, dry skin and puffy eyes; edema; lethargy; and mental sluggishness -- but not mental retardation.

Back 330

Hyperthyroidism

Front 331

(Major Endocrine Glands) Hyperthyroidism may result in these two diseases:
1.)
2.)

Back 331

1.) Grave's disease
2.) Myxedema

Front 332

(Major Endocrine Glands) These glands are on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

Back 332

Parathyroid Glands

Front 333

(Major Endocrine Glands) Parathyroid glands are on the ________ surface of the thyroid gland.

Back 333

Posterior

Front 334

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone known as parathormone, is produced by the parathyroid glands.

Back 334

Parathyroid hormones

Front 335

(Major Endocrine Glands) Parathyroid hormone, known as parathormone, is produced by these glands.

Back 335

Parathyroid Glands

Front 336

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone increases blood Ca(+) by stimulating the activity of osteoclasts.

Back 336

Parathyroid hormones

Front 337

(Major Endocrine Glands) Parathyroid hormones increase ________ _____(+) by stimulating the activity of osteoclasts.

Back 337

blood Ca(+)

Front 338

(Major Endocrine Glands) Parathyroid hormones increase blood Ca(+) by stimulating the activity of __________.

Back 338

Osteoclasts

Front 339

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone increases blood Ca (+) by stimulating the activity of osteoclasts and inhibiting osteoblasts.

Back 339

Parathyroid hormones

Front 340

(Major Endocrine Glands) Parathyroid hormone increases blood Ca (+) by stimulating the activity of _________ and inhibiting ___________.

Back 340

osteoclasts...osteoblasts

Front 341

(Major Endocrine Glands) In the Parathyroid hormone, the increase in blood Ca(+) is due to resorption from bone by ___________.

Back 341

Osteoclasts

Front 342

(Major Endocrine Glands) In the Parathyroid hormone, the increase in blood Ca(+) is due to ________ from bone by osteoclasts.

Back 342

resorption

Front 343

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone decreases blood -PO4 by actions in the bone, kidneys and intestines.

Back 343

Parathyroid hormones

Front 344

(Major Endocrine Glands) Parathyroid hormones decreases _______ (-)______ by actions in the bone, kidneys and intestines.

Back 344

blood -PO4

Front 345

(Major Endocrine Glands) Parathyroid hormones decreases blood -PO4 by actions in the _________, kidneys and intestines.

Back 345

Bone

Front 346

(Major Endocrine Glands) Parathyroid hormones decreases blood -PO4 by actions in the bone, ________ and intestines.

Back 346

Kidneys

Front 347

(Major Endocrine Glands) Parathyroid hormones decreases blood -PO4 by actions in the bone, kidneys and ___________.

Back 347

Intestines

Front 348

(Major Endocrine Glands) Parathyroid hormones increases __________ and decreases ___________.

Back 348

Increases blood Ca(+)
Decreases blood -PO4

Front 349

(Major Endocrine Glands) In the parathyroid hormone, when blood -PO4 decreases it influences metabolism of vitamin D, and therefore, calcium ___________.

Back 349

Absorption

Front 350

(Major Endocrine Glands) In the parathyroid hormone, the decrease in -PO4 is required for vitamin ____ metabolism.

Back 350

D

Front 351

(Major Endocrine Glands) This disorder is caused by a tumor of the parathyroid glands.

Back 351

Hyperparathyroidism

Front 352

(Major Endocrine Glands) Hyperparathyroidism is a disorder caused by a ______ of the parathyroid glands.

Back 352

tumor

Front 353

(Major Endocrine Glands) Hyperparathyroidism is a disorder caused by a tumor of the _______ __________.

Back 353

Parathyroid glands

Front 354

(Major Endocrine Glands) This disorder is caused by accidental surgical removal (of thyroid) and injuries.

Back 354

Hypoparathyroidism

Front 355

(Major Endocrine Glands) Hypoparathyroidism is the disorder caused by accidental surgical removal of the _________ and _________.

Back 355

thyroid and injuries

Front 356

(Major Endocrine Glands) These glands are also called "suprarenal" glands. They are pyramid-shaped and sit atop the kidneys.

Back 356

Adrenal Glands

Front 357

(Major Endocrine Glands) These glands consist of a cortex and medulla.

Back 357

Adrenal Glands

Front 358

(Major Endocrine Glands) Adrenal Glands consist of these two parts.
1.) Cortex
2.) Medulla

Back 358

Cortex & Medulla

Front 359

(Major Endocrine Glands) The three outer layers of the adrenal glands is known as the __________.

Back 359

Cortex

Front 360

(Major Endocrine Glands) The central portion of the adrenal glands is known as the __________.

Back 360

Medulla

Front 361

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone of the medulla is also known as adrenalin, and is classified as catecholamine.

Back 361

Epinephrine

Front 362

(Major Endocrine Glands) Epinephrine is a hormone of the _________, and is also known as adrenalin, and is classified as catecholamine.

Back 362

Medulla

Front 363

(Major Endocrine Glands) Epinephrine is a hormone of the medulla, and is also known as __________, and is classified as catecholamine.

Back 363

Adrenaline

Front 364

(Major Endocrine Glands) Adrenaline is also known as this hormone of the medulla.

Back 364

Epinphrine

Front 365

(Major Endocrine Glands) Epinephrine and Norepinphrine are both classified as _______________.

Back 365

Catecholamine

Front 366

(Major Endocrine Glands) Norepinephrine is a hormone of the medulla also known as _________.

Back 366

Noradrenaline

Front 367

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Adrenal Glands) (Hormones of the Medulla)
Adrenalin is known as __________.
Noradrenaline is known as _________________.

Back 367

Adrenaline = Epinphrine
Noradrenaline = Norepinephrine

Front 368

(Major Endocrine Glands) The ratio of hormones of the medulla is ____% epinephrine and _____% norepinephrine.

Back 368

80% and 20%

Front 369

(Major Endocrine Glands) The ratio of hormones in the medulla result in 80% _________ and 20% ____________.

Back 369

Epinphrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Front 370

(Major Endocrine Glands) Epinephrine and Norepinephrine both begin as the amino acid _______.

Back 370

Tyrosine

Front 371

(Major Endocrine Glands) The production sequence for hormones of the medulla goes tyrosine => dopa => dopamine => norepinephrine => ____________.

Back 371

epinphrine

Front 372

(Major Endocrine Glands) The production sequence for hormones of the medulla goes tyrosine => dopa => dopamine => ____________ => epinphrine.

Back 372

norepinephrin

Front 373

(Major Endocrine Glands) The production sequence for hormones of the medulla goes tyrosine => dopa => _____________ => norepinephrin => epinephrine

Back 373

Dopamine

Front 374

(Major Endocrine Glands) The production sequence for hormones of the medulla goes tyrosine => __________ => dopamine => norepinephrin => epinphrine

Back 374

Dopa

Front 375

(Major Endocrine Glands) The production sequence for hormones of the medulla goes ________ => dopa => dopamine => norepinephrin => epinphrine

Back 375

Tyrosine

Front 376

(Major Endocrine Glands) In hormones of the medulla, ____% of norepinephrin is stored for later use.

Back 376

15%

Front 377

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone of the medulla increases heart rate, cardiac contraction, blood pressure, MR and respiratory rate.

Back 377

Epinephrine

Front 378

(Major Endocrine Glands) This hormone of the medulla decreases the activity of the digestive system.

Back 378

Epinephrine

Front 379

(Major Endocrine Glands) Which hormone of the medulla has a greater effect on alpha sites, enhancing its effectiveness?

Back 379

Norepeinephrine

Front 380

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Hormones of the Medulla) Cells with more Alpha sites experience a greater impact from norepinephrine than cells with more beta sites, which would be more influenced by _____________.

Back 380

Epinephrine

Front 381

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Hormones of the Medulla) Epinephrine has a greater impact on ________ sites, while Norepinephrine has a greater impact on _______ sites.

Back 381

Beta, Alpha

Front 382

(Major Endocrine Glands) What are the two hormones of the adrenal cortex?
1.)
2.)

Back 382

Aldosterone & Cortisol

Front 383

(Major Endocrine Glands) ________________ usually sends nerve impulses to the adrenal medulla in response to stress. This is known as "fight" or "flight" response.

Back 383

Hypothalamus

Front 384

(Major Endocrine Glands) Hypothalamus usually sends nerve impulses to the _________ _________ in response to stress. This is known as "fight" or "flight" response.

Back 384

Adrenal Medulla

Front 385

(Major Endocrine Glands) Hypothalamus usually sends nerve impulses to the adrenal cortex in response to __________. This is known as "fight" or "flight" response.

Back 385

Stress

Front 386

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Control of Medullary hormones) Hypothalamus usually sends nerve impulses to the adrenal cortex in response to stress. This is known as "_______" or "________" response.

Back 386

Fight or Flight Response

Front 387

(Major Endocrine Glands) In the control of medullary hormones this makes up the bulk of the gland.

Back 387

Adrenal Cortex

Front 388

(Major Endocrine Glands) In the control of medullary hormones, this consists of three layers that have distinctly different functions, but anatomically are not very well differentiated.

Back 388

Adrenal Cortex

Front 389

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Medullary Hormones) The outer layer of the adrenal cortex, where adosterone is produced.

Back 389

Zona glomerulosa

Front 390

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Medullary Hormones) The outer layer (Zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex is where _________ is produced.

Back 390

Adosterone

Front 391

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Medullary Hormones) Adosterone is produced in the outer layer of this: ____________.

Back 391

Adrenal Cortex

Front 392

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Medullary Hormones) Aldosterone is a "mineralocorticoid" because it helps regulate the concentration of mineral _______ (Na+ and K+)

Back 392

electrolytes

Front 393

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Medullary Hormones) Aldosterone is a "______________" because it helps regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes (Na+ and K+)

Back 393

Mineralcorticoid

Front 394

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Medullary Hormones) ____________ is a "mineralcorticoid" because it helps regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes (Na+ and K+)

Back 394

Adosterone

Front 395

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Medullary Hormones) Adosterone is a "mineralcorticoid" because it helps regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes (_____ and ______)

Back 395

Na+ and K+

Front 396

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Medullary Hormones) When you think of where aldosterone acts, think of the __________, especially collecting ducts.

Back 396

Kidney

Front 397

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Adrenal Cortex Hormones) This hormone is directly linked to plasma Na(+) levels via renin-angiotensin system.

Back 397

Aldosterone

Front 398

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Adrenal Cortex Hormones) This hormone controls Na+ reabsorption.

Back 398

Aldosterone

Front 399

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Adrenal Cortex hormones) Where the Na+ goes, so goes the water through ___________.

Back 399

Osmosis

Front 400

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Adrenal Cortex Hormones) ADH controls _______ reabsorption (not _______) by blood vessel wall contraction and increasing water absorption in the collecting ducts.

Back 400

Water (not sodium)

Front 401

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Adrenal Cortex Hormones) ADH controls water reabsorption (not sodium) by _________ ____________ _________ ___________ and increasing water absorption in the collecting ducts.

Back 401

blood vessel wall constriction

Front 402

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Adrenal Cortex Hormones) ADH controls water reabsorption (not sodium) by blood vessel wall constriction and increasing _______ absorption in the collecting _________.

Back 402

water ...ducts

Front 403

(Major Endocrine Glands) This part of the adrenal gland is a glucocorticoid that affects glucose, lipid and protein metabolism.

Back 403

Cortisol

Front 404

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol is the part of the adrenal gland that affects _________, lipid and protein metabolism.

Back 404

glucose

Front 405

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol is the part of the adrenal gland that affects glucose, ______ and protein metabolism.

Back 405

lipid

Front 406

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol is the part of the adrenal gland that affects glucose, lipid and __________ _____________.

Back 406

protein metabolism

Front 407

(Major Endocrine Glands) This part of the adrenal gland is produced in the middle cortical layer, the zona faciculata.

Back 407

Cortisol

Front 408

(Major Endocrine Glands) This part of the adrenal gland inhibits protein synthesis which results in increased-serum amino acids => glucose.

Back 408

Cortisol

Front 409

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol inhibits ________ ________ which results in increased-serum amino acids => glucose.

Back 409

Protein Synthesis

Front 410

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol inhibits protein synthesis which results in increased-serum ________ ________ => glucose.

Back 410

amino acids

Front 411

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol inhibits protein synthesis which results in increased-serum amino acids => __________.

Back 411

glucose

Front 412

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol promotes the release of ______ _______ from the adipose tissues and reduces the need requirement of glucose as an energy source as it provides an alternative source.

Back 412

fatty acids

Front 413

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol promotes the release of fatty acids from the ______ ________ and reduces the need requirement of glucose as an energy source as it provides an alternative source.

Back 413

adipose tissues

Front 414

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol promotes the release of fatty acids from the adipose tissues and reduces the need requirement of ________ as an energy source as it provides an alternative source.

Back 414

glucose

Front 415

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol promotes the release of fatty acids from the adipose tissues and reduces the need requirement of glucose as an _______ _________ as it provides an alternative source.

Back 415

energy source

Front 416

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol promotes the release of fatty acids from the adipose tissues and reduces the need requirement of glucose as an energy source as it provides an ___________ ____________.

Back 416

alternative source

Front 417

(Major Endocrine Gland) The process where cortisol stimulates the liver to synthesize glucose from glycerol and amino acids to increase blood glucose.

Back 417

Gluconeogenesis

Front 418

(Major Endocrine Glands) Keeps blood glucose levels within the preset normal homeostatic range.

Back 418

Cortisol

Front 419

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cortisol keeps blood glucose levels within the preset normal _______ _______.

Back 419

Homeostatic Range

Front 420

(Major Endocrine Glands) The hypothalamus secretes __________ _________ _________ which causes the anterior pituitary gland to alter the release of cortisol accordingly.

Back 420

(CRH) Cortisol releasing hormone

Front 421

(Major Endocrine Glands) The ___________ secretes CRH which causes the anterior pituitary gland to alter the release of ________ accordingly.

Back 421

Cortisol

Front 422

(Major Endocrine Glands) The hypothalamus secretes CRH which causes the _________ _________ __________ to alter the release of cortisol accordingly.

Back 422

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Front 423

(Major Endocrine Glands) This disorder of the adrenal glands is caused by the insufficient cortical output due to immune system attack. This is a severe electrolyte imbalance, if untreated, death in days.

Back 423

Addison's disease

Front 424

(Major Endocrine Glands) Addison's disease (a disorder of the adrenal gland) is the result in insufficient _________ output due to immune system attack. Severe electrolyte imbalance, if untreated, death in days.

Back 424

Cortisol

Front 425

(Major Endocrine Glands) This disorder of the adrenal gland is due to an insufficient cortical output.

Back 425

Addison's Disease

Front 426

(Major Endocrine Glands) This disorder of the adrenal gland is due to severe electrolyte imbalance. If untreated, death in days.

Back 426

Addison's Disease

Front 427

(Major Endocrine Glands) This disorder of the adrenal gland leads to hypoglycemia because the glucocorticoids help maintain normal blood glucose levels.

Back 427

Addison's Disease

Front 428

(Major Endocrine Glands) This disorder of the adrenal gland is caused by too many corticosteroids that maintain the blood glucose too high.

Back 428

Adrenal Diabetes

Front 429

(Major Endocrine Glands) Adrenal Diabetes is a disorder of the adrenal gland caused by too many ________________ that maintain the blood glucose too high.

Back 429

corticosteroids

Front 430

(Major Endocrine Glands) Adrenal Diabetes is a disorder of the adrenal gland caused by too many corticosteroids that maintain the _____ ________ too high.

Back 430

blood glucose

Front 431

(Major Endocrine Glands) Adrenal Diabetes is a disorder of the adrenal gland caused by too many corticosteroids that maintain the blood glucose too _______.

Back 431

high

Front 432

(Major Endocrine Glands) This disorder is caused by adrenal tumor or oversecretion of ACTH.

Back 432

Cushing's Syndrome

Front 433

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cushing's Syndrome is caused by _______ tumor or oversecretion of ACTH.

Back 433

adrenal

Front 434

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cushing's Syndrome is caused by adrenal ________ or oversecretion of ACTH.

Back 434

Tumor

Front 435

(Major Endocrine Glands) This disorder is caused by adrenal tumor or oversecretion of ________.

Back 435

ATCH

Front 436

(Major Endocrine Glands) This disorder is caused by adrenal tumor or __________ of ATCH.

Back 436

Oversecretion

Front 437

(Major Endocrine Glands) This disorder may result from taking corticosteroid drugs for many years.

Back 437

Cushing's Syndrome

Front 438

(Major Endocrine Glands) Cushing's syndrome may result from taking ___________ drugs for many years.

Back 438

Corticosteroid

Front 439

(Major Endocrine Glands) This syndrome is nicknamed "moon face" and seen due to the overuse of steroids.

Back 439

Cushing's Syndrome

Front 440

(Major Endocrine Glands) This gland lies in the curve of the duodenum, posterior to the stomach with a "tail" extending to the spleen, almost to the side of the abdominal cavity. Informally, has a "head" and "tail"

Back 440

Pancreas

Front 441

(Major Endocrine Glands) This gland is both endocrine and exocrine in structure and function.

Back 441

Pancreas

Front 442

(Major Endocrine Glands) The endocrine part of the pancreas produces ________ and the exocrine part produces __________ _________.

Back 442

Endocrine produces hormones.
Exocrine produces digestive enzymes.

Front 443

(Major Endocrine Glands) The follicles of the endocrine portion of the pancreas are known as:

Back 443

islets of Langerhans

Front 444

(Major Endocrine Glands) Islets of Langerhans are the follicles of the _______ portion of the pancreas.

Back 444

endocrine

Front 445

(Major Endocrine Glands) Islets of Langerhans are the name of the follicles of the endocrine portion of the _________.

Back 445

pancreas

Front 446

(Major Endocrine Glands) What are the three types of cells consisting in an islet of Langerhan?

Back 446

Alpha, Beta and Delta Cells

Front 447

(Major Endocrine Glands) The three types of cells consisting in an islet of Langerhan are alpha, beta and _______ cells.

Back 447

delta

Front 448

(Major Endocrine Glands) The three types of cells consisting in an islet of Langerhan are alpha, _____ and delta cells.

Back 448

beta

Front 449

(Major Endocrine Glands) The three types of cells consisting in an islet of Langerhan are ______, beta and delta cells.

Back 449

alpha

Front 450

(Major Endocrine Glands) Alpha, beta and delta cells are the three types of cells that make up a _________ of _________.

Back 450

Islet of Langerhans

Front 451

(Major Endocrine Glands) A protein hormone that is produced by the alpha cells, and acts to elevate blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, fatty acids and glycerol into glucose and amino acids into glucose (gluconeogenesis)

Back 451

Glucagon

Front 452

(Major Endocrine Glands) Glucagon is a protein hormone produced by _______ cells.

Back 452

Alpha

Front 453

(Major Endocrine Glands) Glucagon acts to elevate blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into ________, fatty acids and glycerol into __________ and amino acids into ________ (glucogenesis)

Back 453

GLUCOSE GLUCOSE GLUCOSE

Front 454

(Major Endocrine Glands) Glucagon acts to elevate blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of _________ into glucose, fatty acids and glycerol into glucose and amino acids into glucose (glucogenesis)

Back 454

glycogen

Front 455

(Major Endocrine Glands) Glucagen is a protein hormone that acts to elevate blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, _______ ________ and _______ into glucose and amino acids into glucose (glucogenesis)

Back 455

Fatty acids & glycerol

Front 456

(Major Endocrine Glands) Glucagen is a protein hormone that acts to elevate blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, fatty acids and glycerol into glucose and _______ _________ into glucose (glucogenesis)

Back 456

amino acids

Front 457

(Major Endocrine Glands) Glucagen is a protein hormone that acts to elevate blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, fatty acids and glycerol into glucose and amino acids into glucose (_________________)

Back 457

Glucogenesis

Front 458

(Major Endocrine Glands) This protein hormone's main effect is exacly the opposite of glucagon.

Back 458

Insulin

Front 459

(Major Endocrine Glands) Glucagon is produced by _______ cells; while insulin is produced by ________ cells.

Back 459

Glucagon = Alpha Cells
Insulin = Beta Cells

Front 460

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin is produced by __________ cells.

Back 460

Beta

Front 461

(Major Endocrine Glands) This stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose and inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose.

Back 461

Insulin

Front 462

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin stimulates the ______ to form glycogen from glucose and inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose.

Back 462

Liver

Front 463

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin stimulates the liver to form _________ from glucose and inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose.

Back 463

Glycogen

Front 464

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose and inhibits conversion of ____________ into glucose.

Back 464

Noncarbohydrates

Front 465

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin stimulates the liver to form glycogen from _______ and inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose.

Back 465

Glucose

Front 466

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose and inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into ________.

Back 466

Glucose

Front 467

(Major Endocrine Glands) This promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose through cell membranes, plus it stimulates the cells' uptake of amino acids and the production of protein.

Back 467

Insulin

Front 468

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin promotes ________ __________ of glucose through cell membranes, plus it stimulates the cells' uptake of amino acids and the production of protein.

Back 468

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 469

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin promotes facilitated diffusion of _________ through cell membranes, plus it stimulates the cells' uptake of amino acids and the production of protein.

Back 469

Glucose

Front 470

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose through ______ _________, plus it stimulates the cells' uptake of amino acids and the production of protein.

Back 470

Cell Membranes

Front 471

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose through cell membranes, plus it ___________ the cells' uptake of amino acids and the production of protein.

Back 471

stimulates

Front 472

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose through cell membranes, plus it stimulates the cells' uptake of _______ ________ and the production of _________.

Back 472

Stimulates cells uptake of AMINO ACIDS.
Stimulates production of PROTEIN.

Front 473

(Major Endocrine Glands) This has an effect of lowering blood glucose.

Back 473

Insulin

Front 474

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin has an effect of (RAISING/LOWERING) blood glucose.

Back 474

Lowering

Front 475

(Major Endocrine Glands) Insulin has an effect of lowering ________ ___________.

Back 475

Blood glucose

Front 476

(Major Endocrine Glands) This is produced by the delta cells, and helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting the secretion of glucagon and insulin (takes the harshness out of the effects of insulin/glucagon)

Back 476

Somatostatin

Front 477

(Major Endocrine Glands) Somatostatin is produced by the ________ cells, and helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting the secretion of glucagon and insulin (takes the harshness out of the effects of insulin/glucagon)

Back 477

Delta

Front 478

(Major Endocrine Glands) Glucagon, Insulin and Somatostatin all occur in this gland.

Back 478

Pancreas

Front 479

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Pancreas) What cells produce these following hormones:
1.) Glucagon
2.) Insulin
3.) Somatostatin

Back 479

1.) Alpha Cells
2.) Beta Cells
3.) Delta Cells

Front 480

(Major Endocrine Glands) (Pancreas) Which hormone is produced from these following cells:
1.) Alpha Cells
2.) Beta Cells
3.) Delta Cells

Back 480

1.) Glucagon
2.) Insulin
3.) Somatostatin

Front 481

(Major Endocrine Glands) This helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting the secretion of glucagon and insulin.

Back 481

Somatostatin

Front 482

(Major Endocrine Glands) Somatostatin helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting the secretion of __________ and _________.

Back 482

Glucagon and Insulin

Front 483

(Major Endocrine Glands) What controls glucagon and insulin?

Back 483

Blood glucose concentrations

Front 484

(Major Endocrine Glands) Blood glucose concentrations controls what two things?

Back 484

glucagon and insulin

Front 485

(Major Endocrine Glands) It is unknown what controls somatostatin, but it is probably either blood glucose or _________ _________ _________ on a hormonal basis.

Back 485

Direct negative feedback

Front 486

(Major Endocrine Glands) It is unknown what controls somatostatin, but it is probably either blood glucose or direct negative feedback on a __________ ____________.

Back 486

Hormonal Basis

Front 487

(Major Endocrine Glands) It is unknown what controls somatostatin, but it is probably either _________ _________ or direct negative feedback on a hormonal basis.

Back 487

blood glucose

Front 488

(Major Endocrine Glands) It is unknown what controls _______________ but it is probably either blood glucose or direct negative feedback on a hormonal basis.

Back 488

Somatostatin

Front 489

(Major Endocrine Glands) Disorders of the hormones in the pancreas (insulin, glucagon and somatostatin) may result in __________ ___________.

Back 489

Diabetes Mellitus

Front 490

(Major Endocrine Glands) Diabetes Mellitus stems from the hormones of this gland.

Back 490

Pancreas

Front 491

(Major Endocrine Glands) What is type 1 diabetes?

Back 491

Early onset/ juvenile diabetes

Front 492

(Major Endocrine Glands) What is type 2 diabetes?

Back 492

Mature or adult onset diabetes

Front 493

(Other Endocrine Glands) This is a small, oval structure that is shaped like a pine cone.

Back 493

Pineal Gland

Front 494

(Other Endocrine Glands) The Pineal gland is a small, oval structure that is shaped like a _______ ______.

Back 494

Pine cone

Front 495

(Other Endocrine Glands) This gland is between the cerebral hemisphere attached to the upper portion of the thalamus.

Back 495

Pineal Gland

Front 496

(Other Endocrine Glands) The Pineal Gland is between the ________ _________ attached to the upper portion of the thalamus.

Back 496

cerebral hemisphere

Front 497

(Other Endocrine Glands) The Pineal Gland is between the cerebral hemisphere attached to the upper portion of the _________.

Back 497

thalamus

Front 498

(Other Endocrine Glands) This is produced by the pineal gland, which is synthesized from serotonin.

Back 498

Melatonin

Front 499

(Other Endocrine Glands) Melatonin is produced by this gland.

Back 499

Pineal Gland

Front 500

(Other Endocrine Glands) Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, is synthesized from _____________.

Back 500

Serotonin

Front 501

(Other Endocrine Glands) From where is melatonin synthesized?

Back 501

Seratonin

Front 502

(Other Endocrine Glands) This substance produced by the pineal gland is synthesized by seratonin.

Back 502

Melatonin

Front 503

(Other Endocrine Glands) This inhibits secretion of gonadotrophins from the anterior pituitary and helps regulate the female reproductive cycle and may induce sleepiness.

Back 503

Melatonin

Front 504

(Other Endocrine Glands) Melatonin inhibits secretion of ___________________ from the anterior pituitary and helps regulate the female reproductive cycle and may induce sleepiness.

Back 504

gonadotrophins

Front 505

(Other Endocrine Glands) Melatonin inhibits secretion of gonadotrophins from the ____________ _____________ and helps regulate the female reproductive cycle and may induce sleepiness.

Back 505

anterior pituitary

Front 506

(Other Endocrine Glands) Melatonin inhibits secretion of gonadotrophins from the anterior pituitary and helps regulate the ____________ ____________ ___________ and may induce sleepiness.

Back 506

female reproductive cycle

Front 507

(Other Endocrine Glands) Melatonin inhibits secretion of gonadotrophins from the anterior pituitary and helps regulate the female reproductive cycle and may induce _________.

Back 507

sleepiness

Front 508

(Other Endocrine Glands) This plays a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm and fertility cycles.

Back 508

Melatonin

Front 509

(Other Endocrine Glands) Melatonin plays a role in the regulation of __________ _________ and fertility cycles.

Back 509

circadium rhythm

Front 510

(Other Endocrine Glands) Melatonin plays a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm and ___________ ___________.

Back 510

fertility cycles

Front 511

(Other Endocrine Glands) Melatonin's control is influenced by the degree of exposure to light and dark and is increased by _________.

Back 511

Dark

Front 512

(Other Endocrine Glands) This substance's control is influenced by the degree of exposure to light and dark and is increased by dark.

Back 512

Melatonin

Front 513

(Other Endocrine Glands) Melatonin's control is influenced by the degree of exposure to _________ and _________ and is increased by _______.

Back 513

LIGHT DARK DARK

Front 514

(Other Endocrine Glands) This disorder, known as "winter depression" is thought to be related to pineal gland problems.

Back 514

S.A.D (Seasonal Affective Disorder)

Front 515

(Other Endocrine Glands) S.A.D (seasonal affective disorder), known as "________ __________" is thought to be related to pineal gland problems.

Back 515

Winter depression

Front 516

(Other Endocrine Glands) S.A.D (seasonal affective disorder), known as "winter depression" is thought to be related to _______ _______ problems.

Back 516

Pineal Gland

Front 517

(Other Endocrine Glands) This gland is located in the medianastinum posterior to the sternum and between the lungs.

Back 517

Thymus gland

Front 518

(Other Endocrine Glands) The thymus gland is located in the _______________ posterior to the sternum and between the lungs.

Back 518

medianastinum

Front 519

(Other Endocrine Glands) The thymus gland is located in the medianastinum posterior to the _________ and between the lungs.

Back 519

sternum

Front 520

(Other Endocrine Glands) The thymus gland is located in the medianastinum posterior to the sternum and between the _______.

Back 520

lungs

Front 521

(Other Endocrine Glands) The thymus gland varies in size depending on ______.

Back 521

Age

Front 522

(Other Endocrine Glands) The thymus gland varies in _______ depending on age.

Back 522

size

Front 523

(Other Endocrine Glands) The thymus gland is ______ as a child and it gets ________ as one ages.

Back 523

Large and gets smaller

Front 524

(Other Endocrine Glands) (TRUE/FALSE) The thymus gland is small as a child and gets larger as one ages.

Back 524

FALSE = large and gets smaller

Front 525

(Other Endocrine Glands) A group of hormones that affect the differentiation of white blood cells called T-lymphocytes and plays a major role in immunity.

Back 525

Thymosins

Front 526

(Other Endocrine Glands) Thymosins are a group of hormones that affect the differentiation of white blood cells called ______________ and plays a major role in immunity.

Back 526

T-lymphocytes

Front 527

(Other Endocrine Glands) Thymosins are a group of hormones that affect the _____________ of white blood cells called T-lymphocytes and plays a major role in immunity.

Back 527

differenation

Front 528

(Other Endocrine Glands) Thymosins are a group of hormones that affect the differentiation of _______ ________ _______ called T-lymphocytes and plays a major role in immunity.

Back 528

white blood cells

Front 529

(Other Endocrine Glands) Thymosins are a group of hormones that affect the differentiation of white blood cells called T-lymphocytes and plays a major role in __________.

Back 529

immunity

Front 530

(Other Endocrine Glands) What are the three reproductive glands?
1.)
2.)
3.)

Back 530

1.) Ovaries
2.) Testes
3.) Placenta

Front 531

(Other Endocrine Glands) The ovaries, testes and placenta are the three __________ glands.

Back 531

Reproductive

Front 532

(Other Endocrine Glands) This reproductive gland produces estrogens and progesterone.

Back 532

Ovaries

Front 533

(Other Endocrine Glands) This reproductive gland produces estrogens and progesterone.

Back 533

Ovaries

Front 534

(Other Endocrine Glands) The ovaries produce estrogens and ________.

Back 534

progesterone

Front 535

(Other Endocrine Glands) The ovaries produce _________ and progesterone.

Back 535

estrogen

Front 536

(Other Endocrine Glands) The ovaries produce _________ & __________.

Back 536

estrogen & progesterone

Front 537

(Other Endocrine Glands) This reproductive gland produces testosterone.

Back 537

Testes

Front 538

(Other Endocrine Glands) What do the testes produce?

Back 538

testosterone

Front 539

(Other Endocrine Glands) This reproductive gland produces estrogen, progesterone and a gonadatrophin.

Back 539

Placenta

Front 540

(Other Endocrine Glands) Placenta produces estrogen, progesterone and a ____________.

Back 540

gonadatrophin

Front 541

(Other Endocrine Glands) Placenta produces estrogen, ___________ and a gonadatrophin.

Back 541

progesterone

Front 542

(Other Endocrine Glands) Placenta produces ____________, progesterone and a gonadatrophin.

Back 542

estrogen

Front 543

(Other Endocrine Glands) Placenta produces _________, ____________ and a ____________.

Back 543

estrogen, progesterone and a gonadatrophin

Front 544

(Other Endocrine Glands) This part of the placenta promotes mammary gland development during pregnancy and prepares the breast for lactation.

Back 544

Placental Lactogen

Front 545

(Other Endocrine Glands) Placental Lactogen promotes the _________ ____________ development during pregnancy and prepares the breast for lactation.

Back 545

Mammary gland

Front 546

(Other Endocrine Glands) Placental Lactogen promotes the mammary gland development during _________ and prepares the breast for lactation.

Back 546

pregnancy

Front 547

(Other Endocrine Glands) Placental Lactogen promotes the mammary gland development during pregnancy and prepares the breast for _________.

Back 547

lactation

Front 548

(Other Endocrine Glands) Placental Lactogen promotes the mammary gland development during pregnancy and prepares the ________ for lactation.

Back 548

breast

Front 549

(Other Endocrine Glands) These glands of the stomach and small intestines regulate digestion and appetite through the production of gastrin, leptin and cholesystokinin.

Back 549

Digestive Glands

Front 550

(Other Endocrine Glands) Digestive glands of the stomach and small intestines regulate ________ and ________ through the production of gastrin, leptin and cholesystokinin.

Back 550

digestion & appetite

Front 551

(Other Endocrine Glands) Digestive glands of the stomach and small intestines regulate digestion and appetite through the production of _________, leptin and cholesystokinin.

Back 551

gastrin

Front 552

(Other Endocrine Glands) Digestive glands of the stomach and small intestines regulate digestion and appetite through the production of gastrin, ________ and cholesystokinin.

Back 552

leptin

Front 553

(Other Endocrine Glands) Digestive glands of the stomach and small intestines regulate digestion and appetite through the production of gastrin, leptin and ___________.

Back 553

cholesystokinin

Front 554

(Other Endocrine Glands) Digestive glands of the stomach and small intestines regulate digestion and appetite through the production of __________, _____________ and ____________.

Back 554

gastrin, leptin and cholesystokinin

Front 555

(Other Endocrine Glands) Digestive glands of the ________ and _________ _________ regulate digestion and appetite through the production of gastrin, leptin and cholesystokinin.

Back 555

stomach & small intestines

Front 556

(Other hormone-producing organs) This produces natriuretic peptide to regulate blood pressure by responding to increased filling of the right atrium.

Back 556

Atria of the heart

Front 557

(Other hormone-producing organs) The atria of the heart produces _________ ________ to regulate blood pressure by responding to increased filling of the right atrium.

Back 557

natriuretic peptide

Front 558

(Other hormone-producing organs) The atria of the heart produces natriuretic peptide to regulate _______ _________ by responding to increased filling of the right atrium.

Back 558

blood pressure

Front 559

(Other hormone-producing organs) The atria of the heart produces natriuretic peptide to regulate blood pressure by responding to increased ______ of the right atrium.

Back 559

filling

Front 560

(Other hormone-producing organs) The atria of the heart produces natriuretic peptide to regulate blood pressure by responding to increased filling of the ________ _________.

Back 560

right atrium

Front 561

(Other hormone-producing organs) This organ produces erythropoietin that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

Back 561

Kidneys

Front 562

(Other hormone-producing organs) Kidneys produces __________ that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

Back 562

erythropoietin

Front 563

(Other hormone-producing organs) Kidneys produces erythropoietin that stimulates the production of _______ _________ _________.

Back 563

Red Blood Cells