Chapter 13

Front 1

paraplegia

Back 1

paralysis of lower limbs

Front 2

quadriplegia

Back 2

paralysis of all four limbs, respiratory paralysis, loss of sensation or motor control, disorders of bladder, bowel and sexual function

Front 3

hemiplegia

Back 3

paralysis of one side of the body only

Front 4

conduction

Back 4

bundles of fibers passing information up and down spinal cord, connecting different levels of the trunk with each other and with the brain

Front 5

locomotion

Back 5

walking involves repetitive, coordinated actions of several muscle groups

Front 6

central pattern generators

Back 6

are pools of neurons providing control of flexors and extensors that cause alternating movements of the lower limbs

Front 7

reflexes

Back 7

involuntary, stereotyped responses to stimuli, withdrawal of hand from pain, involves brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

Front 8

spinal cord

Back 8

cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem at the foramen magnum of the skull

Front 9

segment

Back 9

part of the spinal cord supplied by each pair of spinal nerves

Front 10

medullary cone

Back 10

cord tapers to a point inferior to lumbar enlargement

Front 11

cauda equina

Back 11

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

Front 12

meninges

Back 12

three fibrous connective tissue membranes that enclose that brain and spinal cord

Front 13

dura mater

Back 13

forms loose fitting sleeve around spinal cord, tough, collagenous membrane surrounded by epidural space filled with fat, blood vessels, and loose connective tissue

Front 14

arachnoid mater

Back 14

layer of simple squamous epithelium lining

Front 15

pia mater

Back 15

delicate, translucent membrane that follows the contours of the spinal cord

Front 16

spina bifida

Back 16

congenital defect in which one or more vertebrae fail to form a complete vertebral arch for enclosure of the spinal cord

Front 17

folic acid

Back 17

as part of a healthy diet for all women of childbearing age reduces risk, of things like spina bifida

Front 18

gray matter

Back 18

neuron cell bodies with little myelin. site of information processing- synaptic intergration

Front 19

white matter

Back 19

abundantly myelinated axons, carry signals from one part of the CNS to another, tracts for sensory information from the body to the brain

Front 20

ascending tracts

Back 20

carry sensory information up the spinal cord

Front 21

descending tracts

Back 21

carry motor information down the spinal cord

Front 22

decussation

Back 22

as the fibers pass up or down the brainstem and spinal cord they cross over from the left to the right side and vise versa

Front 23

contralateral

Back 23

when the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body

Front 24

ipsilateral

Back 24

when the origin and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body

Front 25

first order neurons

Back 25

detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem

Front 26

second order neurons

Back 26

continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

Front 27

third order neurons

Back 27

carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

Front 28

spinocerebeller tracts

Back 28

carry proprioceptive signals from limbs and trunk up to the cerebellum, first order neurons originate in the muscles and tendons, second order nerves ascend spinocerebellar tracts and end in cerebellum, provide cerebellum with feedback needed to coordinate muscle action

Front 29

descending tracts

Back 29

carry motor signals down the brainstem and spinal cord

Front 30

upper motor neuron

Back 30

originate in cerebral cortex or brainstem and spinal cord

Front 31

lower motor neuron

Back 31

in brainstem or spinal cord

Front 32

poliomyelitis (polio)

Back 32

destroys motor neurons in brainstem and anterior horn of spinal cord, signs include muscle pain, weakness, and loss of some reflexes. Virus spread by fecal contamination in water

Front 33

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)- Lou Gehrig Disease

Back 33

destruction of motor neurons and muscular atrophy, also scarring of lateral regions of the spinal cord, early signs are muscular weakness, difficulty speaking, swallowing, and use of hands

Front 34

sensory nerves

Back 34

carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS

Front 35

motor nerves

Back 35

carry signals from CNS to muscles and glands

Front 36

mixed nerves

Back 36

consists of both afferent and efferent fibers

Front 37

ganglion

Back 37

cluster of neurosomas outside the CNS

Front 38

anterior ramus

Back 38

innervates the anterior and lateral skin and muscles of the trunk

Front 39

posterior ramus

Back 39

innervates the muscles and joints in that region of the spine and the skin of the back

Front 40

meningeal branch

Back 40

reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the meninges, vertebrae and spinal ligaments

Front 41

radial nerve injury

Back 41

passes through axilla, crutch paraysis, wrist drop

Front 42

sciatic nerve injury

Back 42

sciatica- sharp pain that travels from gluteal region along the posterior side of the thigh and leg to ankle, ninety percent of cases result from herniated intervertebral disc, or osteoporosis of lower spine

Front 43

chickenpox

Back 43

common disease of early childhood cause by varicella zoster vrius, produces itchy rash.

Front 44

shingles

Back 44

localized disease caused by the virus traveling down the sensory nerves by fast axonal transport when immune system is compromised

Front 45

dermatome

Back 45

a specific area of the skin that receives sensory input from a pair of spinal nerves

Front 46

dermatome map

Back 46

a diagram of the cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve

Front 47

reflexes

Back 47

quick involuntary stereotyped reaction of glands or muscles to stimulations

Front 48

somatic reflexes

Back 48

since they involve the somatic nervous system

Front 49

somatic receptors

Back 49

in skin,muscles, or tendons

Front 50

afferent nerve fibers

Back 50

carry information from receptors to posterior horn of spinal cord or the brainstem

Front 51

intergrating center

Back 51

a point of synaptic contact between neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem, determines whether the efferent neurons issue a signal to the muscles

Front 52

efferent nerve fibers

Back 52

carry motor impulses to skeletal muscle

Front 53

skeletal muscles

Back 53

the somatic effectors carry out the response

Front 54

muscle spindle

Back 54

stretch receptors embedded in skeletal muscles

Front 55

proprioceptors

Back 55

specialized sense organs to monitor the position and movement of the body parts

Front 56

intrafusal fibers

Back 56

muscle fibers within spindle

Front 57

nerve fibers

Back 57

in muscle spindle

Front 58

stretch reflex

Back 58

when a muscle is stretched it 'fights back' and contracts which maintains increased tonus, making it stiffer than unstretched muscle

Front 59

tendon reflex

Back 59

reflexive contraction of a muscle when its tendon is trapped

Front 60

reciprocal inhibition

Back 60

reflex phenomenon that prevents muscles from working against each other by inhibiting the antagonist

Front 61

tendon organs

Back 61

proprinoceptors in a tendon near its junction with a muscle

Front 62

tendon reflex

Back 62

in response to excessive tension on the tendon