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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personal Attributions |
Suggest a person's behaviour is caused by his/her characteristics |
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Situational Attributions |
Suggest the situation explains behaviour |
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Consistency |
** Are people's explanations consistent over time? |
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Distinctiveness |
** Is distinctiveness high or low? |
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Consensus |
**Is there consensus (others agree or disagree) |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
We underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors |
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Self-Serving Bias |
Encourage ourselves for our success, but blame others for our failures |
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Primary Effect |
We attach more importance to initial information about somone |
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Recency Effect |
(More credit to new information) - if we are encouraged not to make snap judgements (or until new evidence overwhelms us) |
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Mental Set |
Readiness to see something in a particular way (the sloppy roommate) |
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Schemas |
Mental frameworks which help us interpret information (e.g., someone tells you she's a comedian) |
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Stereotype |
Generalized belief about a group, a powerful schema (ex. brown people are dumb) |
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecies |
Occur (typically without awareness) when our expectations lead us to treat others in a certain way |
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Attitude |
Is a positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus (person, action, object, or concept) |
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Richard LaPierre |
Chinese prejudice study, counteracting situational factors, greater awareness & convictions, and general attitudes |
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Theory of Cognitive Dissonance |
We strive for consistency in our cognitions to eliminate the tension caused by the inconsistency |
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Persuasion |
Involves a communicater who delivers a message through a channel (verbally, visually, or in writing) to an audience within a surrounding context |
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Communication Credibility |
How believable is the communicator |
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Expertise & Trustworthiness |
Appears to be an expert, presenting unbiased truth, advocates point of view contrary to self-interest |
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Physical Attractiveness |
Similar interests to our own (advertising) |
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Two-Sided Refutational Approach |
If the perspective has two sides (& audience is aware), the two-sided message approach is less biased |
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Social Influence |
How behaviour is affected by the presence of others |
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Social Facilitation |
An increased tendency to perform one's dominant response in the mere presence of others |
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Social Norms |
Shared expectations about how people should think, feel, and act. They are the glue that binds our social system together |
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Social Roles |
Set of norms that characterise how people in social position are supposed to behave (ex. lawyers, doctors) |
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Zimbardo |
Stanford prison study |
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Conformity |
The adjustment of individual behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs to a group standard (without, we would have chaos) |
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Informational Social Influence |
May follow others because we feel they are competent in what they are doing |
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Normative Social Influence |
Want to obtain rewards of being accepted and avoid rejection |
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Group Size |
As group size increased, conformity increased, but only to a point. More than 4 or 5 didn't change things |
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Solomon Asch |
37% of the time, the participant agrees with the group |
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Presence of a Dissenter |
If one dissenter, then conformity greatly reduced (dissenter serves as a model that disagreement is okay) |
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Nuremberg Trails |
"I was only following orders" |
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Milgram |
***** |
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Remoteness of Victim |
**Obedience when the victim is out of sight (goes up), in sight obedience (goes down 40%) |
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Closeness & Legitimacy of Authority Figure |
**Legitimate authority leaves room & orders by phone, or ordinary person gives (goes down 20%) |
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Cog in the Wheel |
**Someone else does the dirty work, but when personally responsible... |
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Personal Characteristics |
Seem irrelevant (e.g., religious orientation, political, occupation, education) |
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Deindividuation |
A loss of individuality that leads to disinhibited behaviour |
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Decision Making |
Is it often assumed that group decisions are more likely to be well-balanced than decisions of individuals |
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Group Polarization |
"Average" opinion of like-minded people becomes stronger |
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Self-Censorship |
**Without doubts & create |
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Illusion of Unanimity |
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