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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Gregor Mendel |
Priest discovers inheritence with pea plants |
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Miescher |
Discovered DNA |
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Chargroff 48 |
G=c a=t Figured out they had one to one ratio |
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Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins (1950) |
Show DNA is double stranded |
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Watson Crick and Wilkins (1953) |
Determine dna's structure |
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Fred Griffith (1928) |
Discovers transformation -Live "R" strains (which are normally not lethal) could turn heat killed "S" strains (normally not lethal) into lethal |
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Avery, MacLeod and McCarty (1944) |
Figure out DNA is "Transforming Particle" from Griffith's experiment |
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Hershey and Chase (1952) |
Figured out DNA is genetic material in T2 bacteriophage by tracking proteins and DNA with radioisotopes. |
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What is Central Dogma? |
DNA->Transcription->Translation |
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Nucleic acid structure |
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Purine or Pyrimidine plus a ribose or dexoyribose turns into what? |
Nucleoside or deoxy nucleoside |
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A nucleoside or deoxsy nucleoside plus a phosphoric acids turns into what? |
nucleotide or deoxynucleotide |
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Which DNA groove do most mods occur in |
Major |
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What is the backbone of DNA? |
Sugar and phosphate |
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Prokaryotic DNA characteristics |
circular supercoiled (held together by histone-like proteins) and not bound by a membrane |
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Semiconservative replication |
Each copy of DNA contains an old and a new strand |
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Replication bubble |
the area of DNA that is being replicated |
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Replication Fork |
The area where replication is actually taking place |
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Two patterns of DNA synthesis |
1. bidirectional 2. Rolling Circle |
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DnaA |
Protein which binds to DnaA box in OriC region and opens up the double strands. |
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Organization of eukaryotic DNA |
Linear membrane bound business nucleosomrs |
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Bidirectional |
Two forks move in the opposite direction |
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Theta structure |
Forms during prokaryotic replication of circular DNA |
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How does tooling replication work? |
1. Nick 2. 3' end has growing stand which displaces other stand 3. DNA synthesis occurs in displaced strand |
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Mechanism of chain growth |
Back (Definition) |
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Mechanism of chain growth |
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Purines |
A and g |
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Pyrimidine |
T and C |
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DNA structure: |
Doublestranded Complementary Antiparallel |
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Two hydrogen bonds |
A and T |
` |
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Three hydrogen bonds |
G and C |
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Eukaryoitic Dna organization |
1. Linear 2. Membrane bound 3. Histones (nucleosomes) |
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What separates the strands during DNA replication |
Helicase (DnaB) |
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DnaA |
A protein which binds to the DnaA box in the OriC region |
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DNA gyrase |
Minimizes over-twisting of DNA |
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What inhibits DNA gyrase? |
1. Novobiocin 2. ciprofloxacin |
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DnaB |
Pre-Primer for Primase |
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Primase |
DNA dependent RNA polymerase which attaches to DNA and synthesizes showrt complementary RNAs (about 10 nucleotides) |
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SSB |
Single stranded binding proteins attach to each strand to keep them from reannealing |
SSB Strands stay by themselves |
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DNA polymerase III |
Synthesizes leading strand (10 proteins-core synthesizes) (E subuint proofreads) |
Threeding strand |
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What are the limitations of DNA poly III? |
1. Adds nucleotides to pre-existing 3'OH ends ONLY 2. Needs pre-existing 3'OH to begin synthesis 3. needs a template strand |
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Lagging strand |
1. Ozaki fragments 2. PrePriming and synthesis of RNA primers 3. Addition of complimentary DNA poly III |
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DNA poly I |
Removes teh RNA primers 5-3' exonuclease and replaces it with complementary DNA |
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What can proofread during REPLCIATION |
DNA poly 3 |
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What is Exonuclease? |
E subunit of DNA Poly III |
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What adds methyls to new bases during replication |
Methylases |
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What seals the nick |
DNA ligase |
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When does replication stop? |
When a ter site is reached |
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How does replication stop? |
Tus proteins bind causing replication complex to fall off. |
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What part of tRNA does the amino acid attach to? |
3' end attached to Oxygen |
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What directions are codons read? |
5' to 3' |
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The basic structure of a gene on DNA |
Promoter, leader, coding, trailer and terminator. |
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What part of mRNA does the ribosome bind to? |
shine-dalgarno |
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Sense strand |
contains coded info |
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antisense strand (template) |
Complimentary to sense strand. the beginning of the gene starts at the 3' end and mRNA is synthesized from 5' to 3' end. This sstrand is transcribed |
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Recognition site on DNA |
-35 |
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RNA polymerase binding site? |
-10 |
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Promoter? |
DIRECTS the binding of RNA polymerase |
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Leader sequence? |
codes for a segment of mRNA (leader) |
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what does the leader code for? |
The shine-dalgarno |
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What part of the ribosome binds to shine dalgaron |
16s |
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Coding region starts with what? |
3'TAC5' which becomes AUG in the mRNA and codes for the initiation of translation |
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Terminator? |
The sequence located after a non-coding sequence (trailer) and codes for termination of transcription |
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What is coded for by a large transcript? |
rRNA
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How is rRNA processed by prokaryotes? |
a ribonuclease cuts up the large transcript into 1-3 tRNAs and a 16s, 23s and 5s |
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Conditional mutation |
mutations expressed only under cetain environmental conditions |
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Biochemical mutations |
change of the biochemistry of the cell |
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Prototroph |
bacterium that can grow on minimal medium |
its a pro, and can synthesized its own **** |
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Auxotroph |
bacterium which requires a nutrient supplement to grow (amino acids) |
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Mutations are either blank or blank? |
Spantaneous (natural) or induced (mutagens) |
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Transition mutation |
purine to purine
pyrimidine to pyrimidine |
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Transversion mutation |
purine to pyrimidine |
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intercalating agents |
distort DNA lead to indels (ethidium bromide) |
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true reversion |
An exact reverse mutation |
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suppressor mutation |
a mutation which generates wild type |
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intragenic suppression |
within the same gene |
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extragenic suppression |
somewhere else |
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nonsense suppression |
tRNA mutation |
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physiological suppression |
defect in one pathway is overcome by a mutation in a another pathway |
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Silent mutation |
no visible effect |
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missense mutation |
change in amino acid occurs |
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nonsense mutation |
mutation makes a nonsense codon (STOP) |
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Whats a test to test mutations |
Ames test |
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Mismatch repair |
1. post replication 2. DNA poly three can do it with its mismatch repair 3. Dnay methylation (methyl directed repairs) 4. Mut proteins |
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Excision repair |
1. nucleotide excision repair (uvrABC endonuclese) 2. base excision repair (glycolysase and AP endonuclease) removes damage and unnatural bases |
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Removal of lesions |
Direct repair (photoreactivation-photolyase splits thymine dimers OR alkyltransferases) |
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Akyltransferase |
Removal of methyls or alkyls which damaged bases...Directly |
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Recombination repair |
both bases of a pair are missing, gap exist RecA protein mediated |
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What happens to protein levels when damage occurs? |
They are increased in expression because bound RecA destroys lexA which is a repressor |
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core enzyme of RNA polymerase |
1. 2 alpha subunits - recognizes promoter, assembles core enzyme 2. a beta subunit - binds ribonucleotide substrates 3. R' subunit - binds to RNA |
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Sigma subunit of RNA polymerase |
helps RNA polymerase holoenzye recognize promoter |
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SIGMA + CORE = |
holoenzyme |
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Prokaryotic termination |
rho dependent or not |
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whats the intrinsic terminator |
Stem and loop (tryptophan thing u-rich areas) |
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Whats polycistronic? |
multiple coding regions...bacteria only |
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Eukaryotic rna polymerases?
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RNA polymerase I II and III |
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Eukaryotic poly-A tails |
A type of post-transcriptional processing 7-methylguanosine |
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Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells |
cytoplasm |
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where does splicing occur in eukaryotic cells |
nucleus |
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whats polysome? |
mRNA plus a few ribosomes |
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Transcription and Translation are coupled in: |
bacteria |
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Structure of tRNA |
1.acceptor stem 2. TyC arm 3. Variable arm 4. Anticodon arm 5. D arm |
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Initiaon in prokaryotes |
forming 70s initiation complex |
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elongation process in bacteria |
adding amino acids to growing polypeptide |
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termination in bacteria |
end of translation |
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what is the main enzyme in elongation |
peptidyl transferase - transpeptidation |
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Whats RF and when are they used |
Release factors are proteins necessary for termination |
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What helps proteins fold? |
Chaperones |
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SPlicing in microbes? |
Some microbial proteins are modified by the removal of an internal part of the polypeptide before folding of the protein |
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What are the equivalents of exon and introns in bacteria? |
extein and inteins |
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protein complex types in membrane of gram negatives outer membrane |
II and V transport proteins out of Sec-dependent or Tat pathway I and III are Sec-independent IV - conjugation |
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Which type of membrane protein in G- is for conjugation |
Type 4 |
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