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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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albumin/o
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protein
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bacteri/o
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bacteria
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cyst/o, versic/o
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bladder or sac
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dips/o
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thirst
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glomerul/o
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glomerulus (little ball)
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gluc/o, glyc/o
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sugar
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ket/o, keton/o
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ketone bodies
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lith/o
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stone
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meat/o
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opening
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nephr/o, ren/o
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kidney
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pyel/o
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basin
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py/o
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pus
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ureter/o
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ureter
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urethra/o
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urethra
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ur/o, urin/o
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urine
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kidneys
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two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filer blood and secrete impurities, forming urine
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cortex
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outer part of the kidney
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hilum
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indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
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medulla
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inner part of the kidney
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calices (calyces)
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ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis
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nephron
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microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each capable of forming urine
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glomerulus
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little ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron
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Bowman’s capsule
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the top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus
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renal tubule
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the stem portion of the nephron
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ureter
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the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
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renal pelvis
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the basinlike portion of the ureter within the kidney
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ureteropelvic junction
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point of connection between the renal pelvis and ureter
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urninary bladder
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sac that holds the urine
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urethera
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single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body
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urethral meatus
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opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
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urine
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waste, product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
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creatinine
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waster products of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the body by the kidneys and excreted in urine
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albuminuria, proteinuria
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presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
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anuria
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absence of urine formation
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anuresis
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inability to pass urine
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bacteriruia
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presence of bacteria in the urine
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dysuria
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painful urination
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enuresis
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involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control
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nocturnal enuresis
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bedwetting during sleep
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hematuria
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presence of blood in the urine
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incontinence
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involuntary discharge of urine or feces
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urinary stress incontinence
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involuntary discharge of urine with coughing, sneezing, or strained exercise
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ketonuria
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presence of ketone bodies in the urine
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ketone bodies, ketone compounds
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acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body’s abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation
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nocturia
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urination at night
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oliguria
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scanty production of urine
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pyuria
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presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection
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urinary retention
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retention of urine caused by an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction
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glomerulonephritis
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form of nephritis involving the glomerulus
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hydronephrosis
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pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow or urine
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nephritis
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inflammation of the kidney
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pyelonephritis
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inflammation of the renal pelvis
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nephrosis
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degenerative disease of the renal tubules
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nephronlithiasis
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presence of renal stone or stones
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cystitis
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inflammation of the bladder
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urethritis
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inflammation of the urethra
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urethrocystitis
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inflammation of the urethra and bladder
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urethral stenosis
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narrowed condition of the urethra
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urinary tract infection (UTI)
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invasion of pathogenic organism (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise
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uremia, azotemia
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excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure
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cystoscopy
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examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope
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kidney biopsy, renal biopsy
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removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination
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intravenous pyelogram (IVP), intravenous urogram
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x-rays of the urinary tract after an iodine contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, and so on
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kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)
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abdominal x-ray of kidney, ureter, and bladder typically used as a scout film before doing an IVP
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scout film
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plain x-ray taken to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging
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renal angiogram (anteriogram)
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x-ray of the renal artery made after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery
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retrograde pyelogram (RP)
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x-ray of the ureters, bladder, and kidney taken after contrast medium is administered backward through a small catheter through a cystoscope to detect the presence of stones, obstruction, and so on
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voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram (VCU or VCUG)
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x-ray of the bladder and urethra taken during urination
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abdominal sonogram
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ultrasound of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder
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urinalysis (UA)
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physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine
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specific gravity (SpGr)
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measure of the concentration or dilution of urine
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occult blood urine
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chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicating bleeding in the kidney
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bilirubin
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chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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urobilinogen
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chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine-increased amounts seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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nitrite
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chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine
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microscopic findings
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microscopic identification of abnormal constituents present in the urine; reported per high or low power field
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urine culture and sensitivity (C & S)
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isolation or a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified along with drugs to which they are sensitive
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the kidneys inability to excrete urea
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creatine, serum
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test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood, useful in assessing kidney function
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creatinine, urine
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test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine
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creatinine clearance testing
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measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate that creatinine is cleared from the body by the kidneys
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urologic endoscopic surgery
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use of a specialized endoscope within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, placement of a stent, and so on
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resectoscope
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uroligc endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate
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intracorporeal lithotripsy
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method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using electrical energy discharge transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones
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nephrotomy
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incision into the kidney
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nephrorrhaphy
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suture of an injured kidney
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nephrolithotomy
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incision into the kidney for the removal of stones
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nephrectomy
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excision of a kidney
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pyeloplasty
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surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis
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stent placement
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use of a device to hold open vessels or tubes
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kidney transplantation, renal transplantation
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transfer of a kidney from the body of one person to another
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urinary diversion
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creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or disease such as bladder cancer
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noncontinent ileal conduit
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removal or a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening created in the abdomen—urine drains continually into an external appliance
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continent urostomy
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an interal reservoir contructed from a segment of intestine which diverts urine through an opening that is brought through the abdominal wall—a valve is created internally to prevent leakage and the patient empties the pouch by catherization
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orthotopic bladder neobladder
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bladder cointructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing “natural” voiding
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extracorporeal shock wave lothotripsy
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procedure using ultrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder
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kidney dialysis
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methods of filtering impurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure
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hemodialysis
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method of removing impurities by pumping the patients blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine
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peritoneal dialysis
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method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid that is washed in and out in cycles
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analgesic
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drug that relieves pain
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antibiotic
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drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
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antispasmodic
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drug that relieves spasm
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diuretic
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drug that increases the secretion of urine
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