Chapter 13

Front 1

Transcendentalism

Back 1

Idea that people could rise above the material things in life; philosophy shared by some New England writers and thinkers in the mid-1800s.

Front 2

Utopian Communities

Back 2

Places where people worked to establish a perfect society;such communities were popular in the United States during the late 1700s and early to mid-1800s.

Front 3

Second Great Awakening

Back 3

Beginning in the 1790s some Americans took part in a movement of Christian renewal.It swept through towns across upstate New York and through the frontier regions of Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, and South Carolina.

Front 4

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Back 4

Believed that people should depend on themselves instead of upon outside authority. Emerson, wrote an essay title"Self Reliance in 1841 stating that Americans depended too much on institutions and traditions.

Front 5

Henry David Thoreau

Back 5

Believed in self reliance and did not trust institutions. Wrote book called Walden, or Life in the Woods.

Front 6

Walt Whitman

Back 6

U.S Famous Poets in the 1800's
Praised both American individualism and democracy in his simple, unrhymed poetry. "Leaves of Grass.

Front 7

Edgar Allan Poe

Back 7

1800s American romantic authors, short stories, best knon for his short stories and Poetry. Wrote the "Raven" Haunting poem.

Front 8

Nathanial Hawthorne

Back 8

Wrote a Novel in the 1800's Scarlet letter describing puritan life in the 1600s

Front 9

Nativists

Back 9

U.S. Citizens who opposed immigration.

Front 10

Charles Grandison Finney

Back 10

One of the most important leaders of Second Great Awakening. He left his career as a lawyer and began preaching Protestant beliefs. "Each individual was responsible for his or her own salvation, sin was avoidable.

Front 11

Middle Class

Back 11

Social and economic level between the wealth and the poor.

Front 12

Tenements

Back 12

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived.

Front 13

Know-Nothing Party

Back 13

Political organization founded in 1849 by activists who supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens and to hold office.

Front 14

Temperance movement

Back 14

A Social reform effort begun in the mid-1800s to encourage people to drink less alcohol

Front 15

Dorothea Dix

Back 15

A middle Class reformer who helped change the prison system in the United States.

Front 16

Horace Mann

Back 16

Was the leading voice for education reform in the mid 1800s

Front 17

Abolition

Back 17

An end to Slavery.

Front 18

Emancipation

Back 18

Freedom from Slavery.

Front 19

William Lloyd Garrison

Back 19

Published an abolitionist newspaper, called the Liberator, first appeared in 1831, He was outspoken and controversial leaders of the movement.

Front 20

The Liberator

Back 20

Antislavery newspaper first published by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831

Front 21

American Anti-Slavery Society

Back 21

Group founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others to work for immediate abolition and racial equality for African Americans

Front 22

Frederick Douglass

Back 22

escaped from slavery at age 20, became one of the most important African American leaders of the 1800's (Antislavery movement)

Front 23

Underground Railroad

Back 23

Network of People who helped thousands of slaves escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places.

Front 24

Harriet Tubman

Back 24

The most famous and daring conductor on the Unerground Railroad.

Front 25

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Back 25

Attended the World's Anti- Slavery Convention in London, England, while on her homeymoon.

Front 26

Susan B. Anthony

Back 26

Brought strong organizational skills to the women's rights movement, responsible for turning the fight for women's rights into a political movement.

Front 27

Seneca Falls Convention

Back 27

The meeting, which began on July 19, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York, launched an organized women's rights movement was the first public meeting about women's rights to be held in the United States

Front 28

Annex

Back 28

To take control of land and incorporate into a country, state, etc.

Front 29

Alamo

Back 29

Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas, that was the site of a famous battle of the Texas Revolution in 1836. The Mexican army's victory resulted in the deaths of all the Texans defending the building

Front 30

Battle of San Jacinto

Back 30

Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence of Texas.

Front 31

Republic of Texas

Back 31

Independent nation of Texas, which lasted from 1836 until 1848, when Texas was annexed to the United States.

Front 32

Oregon Trail

Back 32

A 2000 mile trail stretching through the Great Plains from western Missouri to the Oregon Country.

Front 33

California Trail

Back 33

The southern branch of the Oregon Trail, which crossed the Sierra Nevada and ended in California.

Front 34

Donner party

Back 34

Group of western travelers who were stranded in the Sierra Nevada during the winter of 1846-47, only 40 of the party's 87 members survived.

Front 35

Santa Fe Trail

Back 35

A route running from independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe in what is now New Mexico;used primarily by merchants.

Front 36

Manifest destiny

Back 36

Belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.

Front 37

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Back 37

Treaty that ended the Mexican War and gave the United States much of Mexico's northern territory.

Front 38

Mexican Cession

Back 38

1848-Land that Mexico gave to the United States after the Mexican War through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; included in what is now California, Nevad, and Utah; most of Arizona and New Mexico; and parts of Colorado, Texas and Wyoming.

Front 39

Gadsden Purchase

Back 39

1853- U.S. purchase of land from Mexico that included the southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico.

Front 40

Forty-niners

Back 40

Gold Seekers who moved to California during the GOLD RUSH.

Front 41

Prospect

Back 41

To search for GOLD!

Front 42

California Gold Rush

Back 42

Migration of thousands of people to California in 1849 after gold was discovered there.

Front 43

Joseph Smith

Back 43

In 1830 he had founded the Church of Jesus Christ Of Latter-Day Saints in western New york. Smith said he had found a set of golden tablets with religious revelations in them. His translations of them became the Book of Mormon.

Front 44

Mormons

Back 44

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

Front 45

Brigham young

Back 45

After Smith's murder, he was the head of the Mormon Church. and moved the Mormons west to what is now Utah, then in Mexican territory.

Front 46

Mormon Trail

Back 46

Route by which Mormons traveled west to Utah.