Chapter 13

Front 1

1. Presbycusis

Back 1

Age-related hearing loss with gradually progressive inability to hear, especially high frequency sounds. Presbycusis most often occurs in both ears

Front 2

2. Tinnitus

Back 2

a noise or ringing in the ear

Front 3

3. Myringoplasty

Back 3

is an operation to repair a hole (perforation) in the eardrum (tympanic membrane). A perforation is usually caused by an infection in the middle ear that bursts through the eardrum. Can also be caused by trauma

Front 4

4. Myringotomy

Back 4

is a surgical procedure in which a tiny incision is created in the eardrum, so as to relieve pressure caused by the excessive build-up of fluid, or to drain pus

Front 5

5. Otoscopy

Back 5

or auriscope is a medical device which is used to look into the ears

Front 6

6. Audiometry

Back 6

is the testing of hearing ability, involving threshholds and differing frequencies.Typically, audiometric tests determine a subject's hearing levels with the help of an audiometer

Front 7

7. Abduction

Back 7

a type of movement which draws a limb away from the median plane of the body

Front 8

8. Adduction

Back 8

is a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the middle sagittal plane of the body.

Front 9

9. Inversion:

Back 9

movement of the sole towards the median plane

Front 10

10. Eversion

Back 10

the anatomical term of motion denoting the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane

Front 11

11. Extension

Back 11

movement of a joint whereby one part of the body is moved away from another

Front 12

12. Flexion:

Back 12

The act of bending a joint or limb in the body by the action of flexors. The resulting condition of being bent

Front 13

13. Pronation:

Back 13

is a rotational movement of the forearm at the radioulnar joint or of the foot at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints.

Front 14

14. Supination:

Back 14

in the forearm when the palm faces anteriorly

Front 15

15. Rotation:

Back 15

is a circular movement of an object around a center (or point) of rotation

Front 16

16. Inter-

Back 16

is a Latin prefix meaning "between", among, or "within a group"

Front 17

17. Supra-

Back 17

Above; over; on top of

Front 18

18. Sym-

Back 18

together, with

Front 19

19. syn

Back 19

-joining together

Front 20

20. asthenia:

Back 20

Loss or lack of bodily strength; weakness; debility

Front 21

clasia, -clasis, -clast:

Back 21

condition involving crushing or breaking up

Front 22

desis

Back 22

: fixation/bind together by surgery

Front 23

23. physis:

Back 23

the segment of a bone that is responsible for lengthening

Front 24

schisis:

Back 24

a cleft or split. (cleft lip)

Front 25

25. Ankylosis:

Back 25

is a stiffness of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of the joint, which may be the result of injury or disease

Front 26

26. Bursitis:

Back 26

Bursitis is the painful inflammation of the bursa, a padlike sac found in areas subject to friction

Front 27

27. Fibromyalgia:

Back 27

Fibromyalgia is a neurosensory disorder characterized by widespread muscle pain, joint stiffness, and fatigue. The condition is chronic (ongoing), but pain comes and goes and moves about the body

Front 28

28. Myeloma

Back 28

: a tumor composed of cells of the type normally found in the bone marrow

Front 29

29. Osteopenia:

Back 29

A condition of bone in which there is a generalized reduction in bone mass that is less severe than that in osteoporosis, caused by the resorption of bone at a rate that exceeds bone synthesis.

Front 30

30. Osteomalacia:

Back 30

Osteomalacia is softening of the bones due to a lack of vitamin D or a problem with the body's ability to break down and use this vitamin

Front 31

31. Polymyostitis:

Back 31

means 'many muscle inflammation'.

Front 32

32. Rachischisis:

Back 32

is a developmental birth defect involving the neural tube. In utero, the neural tube fails to close completely. The anomaly originates as the posterior neuropore fail to close at the end of 27th intrauterine life. As a consequence the vertebrae overlying the open portion of the spinal cord do not fully form and remain unfused and open. Thus, the spinal cord is exposed. Patients with rachischisis have motor and sensory deficits, chronic infections, and disturbances in bladder function.

Front 33

33. Spondylosis:

Back 33

is a term referring to degenerative osteoarthritis of the joints between the centra of the spinal vertebrae and/or neural foraminae

Front 34

34. Tenosynovitis:

Back 34

is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sheath (called the synovium) that surrounds a tendon. Symptoms of tenosynovitis include pain, swelling and difficulty moving the particular joint where the inflammation occurs

Front 35

35. Osteoarthritis (OA):

Back 35

also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints including articular cartilage and subchondral bone

Front 36

36. Bunion (also called hallux valgus):

Back 36

is a deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe, often erroneously described as an enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the head of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint). As the great toe (hallux) turns in toward the second toe (angulation) the tissues surrounding the joint may become swollen and tender.

Front 37

37. Colles fracture:

Back 37

is a distal fracture of the radius in the forearm with dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand. The fracture is sometimes referred to as a "dinner fork" or "bayonet" deformity due to the shape of the resultant forearm

Front 38

38. Gout:

Back 38

also known as podagra when it involves the big toe is a medical condition usually characterized by recurrent attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis—a red, tender, hot, swollen joint. It is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood which crystallize and are deposited in joints, tendons, and surrounding tissues.

Front 39

39. Herniated disc (also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated
intervertebral disk, or herniated nucleus pulposus [HNP]) ,

Back 39

is a medical condition affecting the spine, in which a tear in the outer, fibrous ring (annulus fibrosus) of an intervertebral disc (discus intervertebralis) allows the soft, central portion (nucleus pulposus) to bulge out

Front 40

40. Lyme disease:

Back 40

is an emerging infectious disease caused by at least three species of bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto

Front 41

41. Muscular Dystrophy (MD):

Back 41

muscle diseases that weaken the musculoskeletal system and hamper locomotion. Muscular dystrophies are characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue.

Front 42

42. Osteoporosis:

Back 42

is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture.In osteoporosis the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is deteriorating, and the amount and variety of proteins in bone is altere

Front 43

43. Spondylolisthesis:

Back 43

is a condition in which a bone (vertebra) in the lower part of the spine slips out of the proper position onto the bone below it.

Front 44

44. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA):

Back 44

is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks synovial joints

Front 45

45. Meniscectomy;

Back 45

is the surgical removal of all or part of a torn meniscus. A meniscus tear is a common knee joint injury

Front 46

46. Electromyogram (EMG);

Back 46

is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles

Front 47

47. Atrophy:

Back 47

decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue

Front 48

48. Bradykinesia: (bradys, "slow", kinēsis, "motion")

Back 48

is characterized by slowness of movement and has been linked to Parkinson's disease and other disorders of the basal ganglia.

Front 49

49. Dyskinesia:

Back 49

is a movement disorder which consists of effects including diminished voluntary movements and the presence of involuntary movements,

Front 50

50. Intercostal:

Back 50

Located or occurring between the ribs.

Front 51

51. Lumbosacral:

Back 51

Relating to the lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum

Front 52

52. Osteonecrosis:

Back 52

Necrosis of bone. (necrosis is the morphological changes indicative of cell death caused by progressive enzymatic degradation; it may affect groups of cells or part of a structure or an organ.)

Front 53

53. Submandibular:

Back 53

pertaining to the area beneath the mandible, or lower jaw.

Front 54

54. Suprapatellar:

Back 54

pertaining to a location above the patella.

Front 55

55. Crepitus (Also called crepitation):

Back 55

The sound can be created when two rough surfaces in the human body come into contact—for example, in osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis when the cartilage around joints has eroded away and the joint ends grind against one another, or when the fracture surfaces of two broken bones rub together. Crepitus is a common sign of bone fracture

Front 56

56. Orthotics

Back 56

is an orthopedic device that supports or corrects the function of a limb or the torso,

Front 57

57. Prothesis (pl. protheses):

Back 57

an artificial replacement of a missing part of the body

Front 58

58. CTS:

Back 58

carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 59

59. OA:

Back 59

osteoarthritis

Front 60

60. RA:

Back 60

rheumatoid arthritis.

Front 61

61. –ictal:

Back 61

pertaining to, marked by, or due to a stroke or an acute epileptic seizure. (refers to a physiologic state or event such as a seizure, stroke or headache)

Front 62

62. –paresis:

Back 62

slight or incomplete paralysis (is a condition typified by partial loss of movement or by impaired movement)

Front 63

64. Glioma:

Back 63

is a type of tumor that starts in the brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it arises from glial cells. The most common site of gliomas is the brain.

Front 64

65. Cerebral thrombosis (a type of ischemic stroke):

Back 64

thrombosis of a cerebral vessel, which may result in cerebral infarction (Thrombus is a blood clot, so blood clot in the cerebral)

Front 65

66. Neuroasthenia:

Back 65

A complex of symptoms characterized by chronic fatigue and weakness, loss of memory, and generalized aches and pains

Front 66

67. Neuroma:

Back 66

is a growth or tumor of nerve tissue

Front 67

68. Poliomyelitis

Back 67

: an acute viral disease usually caused by a poliovirus and marked clinically by fever, sore throat, headache, vomiting, and often stiffness of the neck and back

Front 68

69. Polyneuropathy:

Back 68

is a neurological disorder that occurs when many peripheral nerves throughout the body malfunction simultaneously

Front 69

70. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (also called Lou Gehrig disease):

Back 69

is a form of motor neuron disease caused by the degeneration of neurons located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and the cortical neurons that provide their afferent input

Front 70

71. Alzheimer disease (AD):

Back 70

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, a neurologic disease characterized by loss of mental ability severe enough to interfere with normal activities of daily living, lasting at least six months, and not present from birth. AD usually occurs in old age, and is marked by a decline in cognitive functions such as remembering, reasoning, and planning

Front 71

72. Bell palsy:.

Back 71

unilateral facial paralysis of sudden onset due to a lesion of the facial nerve, resulting in characteristic facial distortion

Front 72

73. Cerebral palsy:

Back 72

any of a group of persisting qualitative motor disorders appearing in young children, resulting from brain damage caused by birth trauma or intrauterine pathology

Front 73

74. Epilepsy:

Back 73

is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by seizures. These seizures are transient signs and/or symptoms of abnormal, excessive or hyper-synchronous(Synchronous=Occurring or existing at the same time) neuronal activity in the brain/

Front 74

75. Hydrocephalus:

Back 74

also known as "water in the brain," is a medical condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, or cavities, of the brain.

Front 75

76. Multiple sclerosis (MS):

Back 75

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting movement, ensation, and bodily functions. It is caused by destruction of the myelin insulation covering nerve fibers (neurons) in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

Front 76

77. Parkinson Disease (PD):

Back 76

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive movement disorder marked by tremors, rigidity, slow movements (bradykinesia), and posture instability. It occurs when cells in one of the movement-control centers of the brain begin to die for unknown reasons

Front 77

78. Shingles (also called herpes zoster):

Back 77

The virus that causes chickenpox, the varicella zoster virus (VSV), can become dormant in nerve cells after an episode of chickenpox and later reemerge as shingles. Initially, red patches of rash develop into blisters. Because the virus travels along the nerve to the skin, it can damage the nerve and cause it to become inflamed. This condition can be very painful. If the pain persists long after the rash disappears, it is known as postherpetic neuralgia.

Front 78

79. Stroke:

Back 78

occurs when there is an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain., depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients. the cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes. the part of the body controlled by the involved cells will experiences dysfunction. Speech, movement, memory and other CNS functions may be affected in varying degree.

Front 79

80. Ischemic stroke:

Back 79

a cerebrovascular disorder caused by deprivation of blood flow to an area of the brain, generally as a result of thrombosis, embolism, or reduced blood pressure. (Blocked blood vessels)

Front 80

81. Hemorhagic stroke

Back 80

Is a result of bleeding, Also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or brain attack

Front 81

82. Electroencephalogram (EEG):

Back 81

is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain.

Front 82

83. Positron emission tomography of the brain (PET scan): .

Back 82

a nuclear medicine imaging method similar to computed tomography, except that the image shows the tissue concentration of a positron-emitting radioisotope

Front 83

84. Cephalalgia (also called cephalgia):

Back 83

Pain in the head. Also called headache

Front 84

85. Dysphasia:

Back 84

is a partial or complete impairment of the ability to communicate resulting from brain injury.

Front 85

86. Hemiplegia:

Back 85

paralysis of one side of the body

Front 86

87. Interictal:

Back 86

The time period that exists between seizures

Front 87

88. Panplegia:

Back 87

paralysis of all four extremities

Front 88

89. Ataxia:

Back 88

a neurological sign and symptoms that consists of gross lack of coordination of muscle movements.

Front 89

90. Concussion:.

Back 89

Frequently defined as a head injury with a temporary loss of brain function, concussion can cause a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms

Front 90

91. Dysarthria:

Back 90

Difficulty in articulating words due to emotional stress or to paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of the muscles used in speaking

Front 91

92. Psychosis (pl. psychoses):

Back 91

means abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a "loss of contact with reality

Front 92

93. Bipolar disorder:

Back 92

formerly known as manic depression, is a mood disorder that causes radical emotional changes and mood swings, from manic, restless highs to depressive, listless lows. Most bipolar individuals experience alternating episodes of mania and depression.

Front 93

94. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):

Back 93

is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear, or worry, by repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing the associated anxiety, or by a combination of such obsessions and compulsions.

Front 94

95. Pica:

Back 94

is a medical disorder characterized by an appetite for substances largely non-nutritive (e.g., metal, clay, coal, sand, dirt, soil, feces, chalk, pens and pencils, paper, batteries, spoons, toothbrushes, soap, mucus, latex gloves, ash, gum, lip balm, tacks and other office supplies,

Front 95

96. Schizophrenia:

Back 95

is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social or occupational dysfunction

Front 96

97. Hypokalemia:

Back 96

refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium (K+) in the blood is low

Front 97

98. Hyponatremia:

Back 97

is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium concentration in the serum is lower than normal

Front 98

99. Hypothyroidism

Back 98

: is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone

Front 99

63. Duritis:

Back 99

Inflammation of the dura matter