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641 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) |
A hormone release from the pituitary gland that causes water reabsorption in the kidneys thus concentrating the urine |
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Angiotensin |
A substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys |
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Calyx |
A cup like cavity in the pelvis of the kidney |
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Diuresis |
Excretion of urine, usually meaning increased urinary excretion |
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Diuretic |
A substance that increases the excretion of urine; pertaining to to diuresis |
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Erythhropoietin (EPO) |
A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the red blood cell production in the bone marrow |
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Acidosis |
Excessive acidity of body fluids |
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Acute renal failure |
Loss of kidney function resulting from damage to the nephrons |
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Bacteriuria |
Presence of bacteria in the urine |
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Cast |
A solid mold of a renal tubule found in the urine |
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Cystitis |
Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually as a result of infection |
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Dysuria |
Painful or difficult urination |
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Glomerulonephritis |
Inflammation of the kidney, primarily involving the glomeruli. |
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Hematuria |
Presence of blood in the urine |
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Hydronephrosis |
Collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction |
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Hypokalemia |
Deficiency of potassium in the blood |
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Hyponatremia |
Deficiency of sodium in the blood |
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Hypoproteinemia |
Decreased amount of protein in the blood; may be caused by kidney damage |
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Hyperkalemia |
Excess amount of potassium in the blood |
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Hypernatremia |
Excess amount of sodium in the blood |
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Nephrotic syndrome |
Condition that results from glomerular damage leading to the loss of protein in the urine |
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Oliguria |
Elimination of small amounts of urine |
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Proteinuria |
Presence of protein, mainly albumin in the urine |
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Pyelonephritis |
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, usually caused by infection |
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Pyuria |
Presence of pus in the urine |
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Renal colic |
Radiating pain in the region of the kidney associated with the passage of a Stone |
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Uremia |
Presence of toxic levels of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood as a result of renal insufficiency |
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Urethritis |
Inflammation of the urethra, usually due to infection |
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Urinary stasis |
Stoppage of urine flow |
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Catheterization |
Introduction of a tube into a passage, such as through the urethra into the bladder for the draw of urine |
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Cystoscope |
The instrument for examining the interior of the urinary bladder also use for removing for objects for surgery |
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Dialysis |
Separation of substances by Passage through a semi-permeable membrane; dialysis is used to rid the body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are impaired or missing |
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Hemodialysis |
Removal of unwanted substances from the blood by passes through a semi-permeable membrane |
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Intravenous pyelography (IVP) |
Intravenous urography |
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glomerular capsule |
The cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and recieves material filtered out of the blood |
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Glomerular filtrate |
The fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron through the glomerular capsule |
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Glomerulus |
The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule |
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Kidney |
An organ of excretion; the two kidneys filter the blood and form urine |
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Micturition |
The voiding of urine or urination |
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Nephron |
A microscopic functional unit of the kidney: working with blood vessels, the nephron filters the blood and balances the composition of yours |
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Renal cortex |
The kidneys outer portion |
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Renal medulla |
The kidneys inner portion that contains portions of the Nephron conductor transports urine towards the renal pelvis |
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Renal pyramid |
A triangular structure in the renal medulla composed of the Nephron loops and collecting ducts |
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Renal pelvis |
The expanded upper end of the ureter that receives urine from the kidney |
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Renin |
An enzyme produced by the kidneys that activates angiotensin in the blood |
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Trigone |
A triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of the two ureters and urethra |
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Tubular reabsorption |
The return of substances from The glomerular filtrate to the blood through the peritubular capillaries |
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Urea |
The main nitrogenous waste product in the urine |
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Ureter |
The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder |
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Urethra |
The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body |
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Urinary bladder |
The organ that stores and eliminates urine excreted by the kidneys |
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Urination |
The voiding of urine: urination |
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Urine |
The fluid excreted by the kidneys; it consists of water , electrolytes, urea, other metabolic wastes, and pigments |
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Ren/o |
Kidney |
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Nephr/o |
Kidney |
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Glomerul/o |
Glomerulus |
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Pyel/o |
Renal pelvis |
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Cali/o, Calic/o |
Calyx |
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Ur/o |
Urine, urinary tract |
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Urin/o |
Urine |
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Ureter/o |
Ureter |
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Cyst/o |
Urinary bladder |
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Vesic/o |
Urinary bladder |
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Urethr/o |
Urethra |
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Intravenous urography (IVU) |
Radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine |
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Lithotripsy |
Crushing of a stone |
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Peritoneal dialysis |
Removal of unwanted substances from the body by introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity followed by the removal of the fluid |
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Retrograde pyelography |
Pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected into the kidneys from below by way of the ureters |
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Specific gravity(SG) |
The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water |
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Urinalysis (UA) |
Laboratory study of the urine |
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Cystectomy |
Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder |
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Ileal conduit |
Diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an isolated segment of the ileum; one end of the segment is sealed, and the other drains through and opening in the abdominal wall; a procedure used when the bladder is removed or nonfunctional |
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Lithotomy |
Incision of an organ to remove a stone |
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Renal transplantation |
Surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient |
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Aldosterone |
A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys |
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Clearance |
The volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a substance per unit of time; renal plasma clearance |
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Detrusor muscle |
The muscle in the bladder wall |
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
The amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys |
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Maximal transport capacity (Tm) |
The maximum rate at which a given substance can be transported across the renal tuble |
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Renal corpuscle |
The glomerular capsule and the glomerular considered as a unit ; the filtration device of the kidney |
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Anuresis |
Lack of urination |
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Anuria |
Lack of urine formation |
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Azotemia |
Presence of increased nitrogenous waste, especially urea, in the blood |
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Azoturia |
Presence of increased nitrogenous compounds, especially urea, in the urine |
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Cystocele |
Herniation of the bladder into the vagina |
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Dehydration |
Excessive loss of body fluids |
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Diabetes insipidus |
A condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extreme thirst |
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Enuresis |
Involuntary urination, usually at night; bed-wetting |
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Epispadias |
A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis as a groove or cleft |
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Glycosuria |
Presence of glucose in the urine, as in case of diabetes mellitus |
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Horseshoe kidney |
A congenital union of the lower poles of the kidneys, resulting in a horseshoe-shaped organ |
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Hydroureter |
Distention of the ureter with urine due to obstruction |
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Hypospadias |
A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the surface of the penis or into the vagina |
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Hypovolemia |
A decrease in blood volume |
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Neurogenic bladder |
Any bladder dysfunction that results from a central nervous system lesion |
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Nocturia |
Excessive urination at night |
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Polycystic kidney disease |
A hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts |
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Polydipsia |
Excessive thirst |
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Polyuria |
Elimination of large amounts of urine, as in diabetes mellitus |
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Retention of urine |
Accumulation of urine into the bladder because of an inability to urinate |
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Staghorn calculus |
A kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calices to give a "staghorn" appearance |
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Ureterocele |
A cyst-like dilation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder |
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Urinary frequency |
A need to urinate often without an increase in average output |
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Urinary incontinence |
Inability to retain urine |
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Urinary urgency |
Excess intake or retention of water with decreased in sodium concentration |
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Wilms tumor |
A malignant kidney tumor that usually appears in children before the age of 5 years |
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Water intoxication |
Excess intake or retention of water with decrease in sodium concentration |
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Anion gap |
A measure of electrolyte imbalance |
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Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea; an increase in BUN indicates an increase in nitrogenous waste products in the blood and renal failure |
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Clean-catch specimen |
A urine sample obtained after the thorough cleansing of the urethral opening and collection in midstream to minimize the chance of contamination |
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Cystometrography |
A study of bladder function in which the bladder is filled with fluid or air and the pressure exerted by the bladder muscle at varying degrees of filling is measured |
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Protein electrophoresis (PEP) |
Laboratory study of urinary proteins; used to diagnose multiple myeloma, systemic lupus, erythematosus, and lymphoid tumor |
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Urniometer |
Device for measuring the specific gravity of urine |
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Indwelling Foley catheter |
A urinary tract catheter with a balloon at one end that prevents the catheter from leaving the bladder |
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Lithotrine |
Instrument for crushing a bladder stone |
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ACE |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme |
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ADH |
Antidiuretic hormone |
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ARF |
acute renal failure |
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ATN |
Acute tubular necrosis |
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BUN |
Blood urea nitrogen |
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CAPD |
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis |
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CCPD |
Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis |
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CMG |
Cystometrograpghy; cystometrogram |
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CRF |
Chronic renal failure |
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EPO |
Erythropoietin |
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ESRD |
End-stage renal disease |
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ESWL |
Extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy |
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GFR |
Glomerular filtration rate |
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GU |
Genitourinary |
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Ivp |
Intravenous pyelography |
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Ivu |
Intravenous urography |
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K |
Potassium |
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KUB |
Kidney, ureter, bladder ( radiography) |
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Na |
Sodium |
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PEP |
Protein electrophoresis |
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SG |
Specific gravity |
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Tm |
Maximal transport capacity |
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UA |
Urinalysis |
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UTI |
Urinary tract infection |
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Androgen |
Any hormone that produces male characteristics |
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Bulbourethral gland |
A small gland beside the urethra below the prostate that secretes part of the seminal fluid |
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Circumcision |
Surgical removal of the end of the foreskin (prepuce) |
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Coitus |
Sexual intercourse |
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Ductus deferens |
The duct that conveys spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory also called the vas deferens |
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Ejaculation |
Ejection of semen from the male urethra |
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Ejaculatory duct |
The duct formed by the union of the ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vessel |
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Epididymis |
According to on the surface of the testes that store sperm in until ejaculation |
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Erection |
The stiffening or hardening of the penis or the clitoris usually because of sexual excitement |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary acts on the gonads |
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Gamete |
A mature reproductive cell, the spermatozoon in the male and the ovum in the female |
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Glans penis |
The bulbous end of the penis |
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Gonad |
A sex gland, testis or ovary |
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Inguinal canal |
The channel through which the testes descend into the scrotum in the male |
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Interstitial cells |
Cells located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produce hormones, mainly testosterone |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In males it Stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone |
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Meiosis |
The type of cell division that forms the gametes |
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Penis |
Male organ of copulation in urination |
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Pituitary gland |
An endocrine gland at the base of the brain |
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Prepuce |
The fold of skin over the glans penis, the foreskin |
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Prostate gland |
The gland that surrounds the urethra below the bladder in males and contribute secretions to the semen |
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Puberty |
Period during which the ability for sexual reproduction is attained and secondary sex characteristics begin to develop |
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Scrotum |
A double pouch that contains the testes |
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Semen |
The thick secretion that transports spermatozoa |
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Seminal vesicle |
A sac like gland behind the bladder that contributes secretions to the semen |
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Sertoli cell |
So in a seminiferous tubule that aids in the development of spermatozoa |
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Spermatic cord |
Cord attached to the testis that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves and close within a fibrous sheath |
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Spermatozoon |
Mature male sex cell |
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Testis |
The male reproductive gland |
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Testosterone |
The main male sex hormone |
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Urethra |
The duct that carries urine out of the body and also transports semen in the male |
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Vas deferens |
The duct that conveys spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct also called the ductus deferens |
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Test/o |
Testis, testicle |
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Orchi/o, orchid/o |
Testis |
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Osche/o |
Scrotum |
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Semin |
Semen |
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Sperm/i, spermat/o |
Semen, spermatozoa |
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Epididym/o |
Epididymis |
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Vas/o |
Vas deferens, ductus deferens |
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Vesicl/o |
Seminal vesicle |
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Prostat/o |
Prostate |
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Chlamydial infection |
Ascending infection of reproductive and urinary tracts May spread into the pelvis in women; bacterial disease |
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Lymphogranuloma verereum |
General infection with inguinal swelling of the lymph nodes; chlamydia type L; bacterial infection |
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Gonorrhea |
Inflammation of the reproductive and urinary tracts, bacterial infection |
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Bacterial vaginosis |
Vaginal infection with foul-smelling discharge |
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Syphilis |
Bacterial infection |
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AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) |
A disease that affects T cells of the immune system, weakening the host and leading to other diseases; viral disease; no cure |
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Genital herpes |
Painful genital lesions in women may be a risk for cervical cancer and also fatal infections in newborns; no cure |
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Genital warts |
Benign genital warts; viral infection; vaccine to protect against |
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Hepatitis B |
Causes liver inflammation, which may be acute or may develop into chronic carrier state; linked to liver cancer |
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Trichomoniasis |
Vaginitis, green, frothy discharge with itching, pain on intercourse, and painful urination |
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) |
Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate, frequently develops with age |
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Cryptorchidism |
Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum |
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Epididymitis |
Inflammation of the epididymis; common causes are UTIs and STIs |
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Erectile dysfunction (ED) |
Inability of the male to perform intercourse because of failure to initiate or maintain an erection until ejaculation |
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Impotence |
Erectile dysfunction |
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Infertility |
Decreased capacity to produce offspring |
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Inguinal hernia |
Protrusion of the intestine or other abdominal organ through the inguinal canal or through the wall of the abdomen into the scrotum |
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Orchitis |
Inflammation of a testis |
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Prostatitis |
Inflammation of the prostate gland |
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Sexually transmitted infection (STI) |
Infection spread through sexual activity also called sexually transmitted disease |
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Sterility |
Complete inability to produce offspring |
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Urethritis |
Inflammation of the urethra often caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia |
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Herniorrhaphy |
Surgical repair of a hernia |
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Prostatectomy |
Surgical removal of the prostate |
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Vasectomy |
Excision of the vas deferens usually done bilaterally to produce sterility |
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Emission |
The discharge of semen |
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Genitalia |
The organs concerned with reproduction, divided into internal and external components |
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Insemination |
Introduction of semen into a woman's vagina |
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Orgasm |
A state of physical and emotional excitement, especially that which occurs at the climax of sexual intercourse |
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Phallus |
The penis |
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Balanitis |
Inflammation of the glans penis add the mucous membrane beneath it |
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Bladder neck obstruction (BNO) |
Blockage of urine flow at the outlet of the bladder |
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Hydrocele |
The accumulation of fluid in a sac-like cavity, especially within the covering of the testis or spermatic cord |
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Phimosis |
Narrowing of the prepuces opening so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back over the glans penis |
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Priapism |
Abnormal, painful, continuous erection of the penis, as may be caused by drugs or specific damage to the spinal cord |
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Seminoma |
A tumor of the testis |
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Spermatocele |
An epididymal cyst containing spermatozoa |
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Varicocele |
Enlargement of the veins in the spermatic cord |
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Brachytherapy |
Radiation therapy by placement of the encapsulated radiation sources, such as seeds, directly into a tumor or nearby tissue |
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Castration |
Surgical removal of the testes or ovaries |
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Gleason tumor grade |
A system for assessing the severity of cancerous changes in the prostate. Also known as a Gleason score |
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Resectoscope |
Endoscopic instrument for transurethral removal of tissue from the urinary bladder, prostate gland, uterus, or urethra |
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Whitmore Jewett staging |
A method for staging prostatic tumors |
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AIDS |
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
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BNO |
Bladder Neck Obstruction |
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BPH |
Benign prostatic hyperplasia |
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DRE |
Digital rectal examination |
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ED |
Erectile Dysfunction |
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FSH |
Follicle-stimulating hormone |
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GC |
Gonococcus |
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GU |
Genitourinary |
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HBV |
Hepatitis B virus |
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HIV |
Human immunodeficiency virus |
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HSV |
Herpes simplex virus |
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LH |
Luteinizing hormone |
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NGU |
Nongonococcal urethritis |
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PSA |
Prostate-specific antigen |
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STD |
Sexually transmitted disease |
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STI |
Sexually transmitted infection |
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TPUR |
Transperineal urethral resection |
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TSE |
Testicular self-examination |
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TUIP |
Transurethral incision of prostate |
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TURP |
Transurethral resection of prostate |
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UG |
Urogenital |
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UTI |
Urinary tract infection |
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VD |
Venereal disease |
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VDRL |
Venereal disease research laboratory (test for venereal disease |
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Vasectomy/tubal ligation |
cutting and tying the tubes that carry the gametes |
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Birth control pills |
estrogen and progestin or progestin alone taken orally to prevent ovulation |
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Birth control shots |
injection of synthetic progesterone every three months to prevent ovulation |
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Birth control patch |
adhesive patch placed on the body that administers estrogen and progestin through the skin |
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Birth control ring |
Flexible ring inserted into the vagina that releases hormones internally |
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Condom |
Sheath that prevents sperm cells from contacting an ovum |
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Cervix |
Neck; usually means the lower narrow portion of the uterus |
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Clitoris |
A small erectile body anterior to the urethral opening that is similar in developmental origin to the penis |
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Contraception |
The prevention of pregnancy |
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Corpus Luteum |
The small yellow structure that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogen |
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Cul-de-sac |
A blind pouch, such as the recess between the rectum and the uterus |
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Endometrium
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The inner lining of the uterus |
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Estrogen |
A group of hormones that produce female characteristics and prepare the uterus for the fertilized egg; the most active of these is estradiol |
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Fimbriae |
The long finger-like extensions of the uterine tube that wave to capture the released ovum |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads; in the female, it stimulates ripening of ova in the ovary |
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Fornix |
An arch-like space, such as the space between the uppermost wall of the vagina and the cervix |
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Greater vestibular gland |
A small gland that secretes mucus through a duct that opens near the vaginal orifice |
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Labia majora |
The two large folds of skin that form the sides of the vulva |
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Labia minora |
The two small folds of skin within the labia majora |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads; in the female, it stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation |
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Mammary gland |
A specialized gland capable of secreting milk in the female |
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Menarche |
the first menstrual period, which occurs doing. The first menstrual period, which normally occurs during puberty |
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Menopause |
Cessation of the menstrual cycle in the female |
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Menstration |
The cyclic discharge of blood and mucosal tissues from the lining of the non-pregnant uterus |
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Ovarian follicle |
The cluster of cells in which the ovum ripens in the ovary |
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Ovary |
A female gonad |
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Ovulation |
The release of a mature ovum from the ovary |
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Ovum |
The female gametes or reproductive cell |
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Perineum |
The region between the thighs from the external genitalia to the anus |
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Progesterone |
A hormone produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta that maintains the endometrium for pregnancy |
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Uterine tube |
A tube extending from the upper lateral portion of the uterus that carries the ovum to the uterus |
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Uterus |
The organ that receives the fertilized egg and maintains the developing Offspring during pregnancy |
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Vagina |
The muscular tube between the cervix and the vulva |
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Vulva |
The external female genital organs |
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Gyn/o, gynec/o |
Woman |
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Men/o, Mens |
Month, menstration |
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Oo |
Ovum, egg cell |
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Ov/o, ovul/o |
Ovum, egg cell |
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Ovari/o |
Ovary |
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Oophor/o |
Ovary |
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Salping/o |
Uterine tube, tube |
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Uter/o |
Uterus |
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Metr/o, metr/i |
Uterus |
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Hyster/o |
Uterus |
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Cervic/o |
Cervix, neck |
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Vagin/o |
Vagina |
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Colp/o |
Vagina |
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Vulv/o |
Vulva |
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Episi/o |
Vulva |
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Perine/o |
Perineum |
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Clitor/o, Clitorid/o |
Clitoris |
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Mamm/o |
Breast, mammary gland |
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Mast/o |
Breast, mammary gland |
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Candidiasis |
Infection with the fungus Candida, a common cause of vaginitis |
|
|
Dysmenorrhea |
Painful or difficult menstruation |
|
|
Endometriosis |
Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, usually in the pelvic cavity |
|
|
Fibroid |
Benign tumor of smooth muscle |
|
|
Leiomyoma |
Benign tumor of smooth muscle, usually in the uterine wall |
|
|
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
Condition caused by the spread of infection from the reproductive tract into the pelvic cavity; commonly caused by sexually transmitted gonorrhea and chlamydia infection |
|
|
Salpingitis |
Inflammation of a uterine tube, typically caused by urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted infection |
|
|
Vaginitis |
Inflammation of the vagina |
|
|
Colposcope |
Instrument for examining the vagina and cervix |
|
|
Cone biopsy |
Removal of a cone of tissue from the cervical lining for cytologic examination |
|
|
Dilation and curettage (D&C) |
Procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the uterine lining is scrape with a curette |
|
|
Hysterectomy |
Surgical removal of the uterus most commonly done because of tumor |
|
|
Mammography |
Radiographic study of the breast for the detection of breast cancer |
|
|
Mastectomy |
Excision of breast tissue to eliminate malignancy |
|
|
Oophorectomy |
Excision of an ovary |
|
|
Pap smear |
Study of cells collected from the cervix and vagina for early detection of cancer |
|
|
Salpingectomy |
Surgical removal of the uterine tube |
|
|
Sentinel node biopsy |
Biopsy of the first lymph nodes to receive drainage from a tumor; used to determine spread of cancer and planning treatment |
|
|
Stereotactic biopsy |
Needle biopsy using a computer-generated Imaging system to locate suspicious tissue and remove samples for study |
|
|
Tomosynthesis |
Three-dimensional x-ray Imaging technique for detection of breast cancer |
|
|
Adnexa |
Appendages, such as the adnexa uteri, the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterine ligaments |
|
|
Areola |
A pigmented ring, such as the dark area around the nipple of the breast |
|
|
Graafian follicle |
A mature ovarian follicle |
|
|
Hymen |
A fold of mucous membrane that partially covers the entrance of the vagina |
|
|
Mons pubis |
The rounded, fleshy elevation anterior to the pubic joint that is covered with hair after puberty |
|
|
Oocyte |
An immature ovum |
|
|
Perimenopause |
The period immediately before menopause begins at the time of irregular menstrual cycles and ends one year after the last menstrual period |
|
|
Vestibule |
The space between the labia minora that contains the openings of the urethra, vagina, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands |
|
|
Cystocele |
Herniation of the urinary bladder into the wall of vagina |
|
|
Dyspareunia |
Pain during sexual intercourse |
|
|
Fibrocystic disease of the breast |
A condition in which there are palpable lumps in the breast, usually associated with pain and tenderness |
|
|
Hirsutism |
Excess hair growth |
|
|
Leukorrhea |
White or yellowish discharge from the vagina |
|
|
Microcalcification |
Small deposits of calcium that appears as a white spot on mammograms |
|
|
Prolapse of the uterus |
Downward displacement of the uterus with the cervix sometimes protruding from the vagina |
|
|
Rectocele |
Herniation of the rectum into the wall of the vagina |
|
|
Culdocentesis |
Puncture of the vaginal wall to sample fluid from the rectouterine space for diagnosis |
|
|
Episiorrhaphy |
Suture of the vulva or suture of the perineum cut in an episiotomy |
|
|
Laparoscopy |
Endoscopic examination of the abdomen; may include surgical procedures, such as tubal litigation |
|
|
Myomectomy |
Surgical removal of a uterine leiomyoma |
|
|
Speculum |
And instrument used to enlarge the opening of a passage or cavity to allow examination |
|
|
Teletherapy |
Delivery of radiation to a tumor from an external beam source, as compared to implantation of radioactive material (brachytherapy) or systemic administration of radionuclide |
|
|
Aromatase inhibitor (AI) |
Agent that inhibits estrogen production; used for postmenopausal treatment of breast cancers that respond to estrogen |
|
|
Bisphosphonate |
Agent used to prevent and treat osteoporosis,it increases bone mass by decreasing bone turnover |
|
|
HER2 inhibitor |
Drug used to treat breast cancers that Show Excess receptors for human epidermal growth factor |
|
|
Paclitaxel |
Antineoplastic agent arrived from yew trees used mainly in treatment of breast and ovarian cancer |
|
|
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) |
Drug that acts on estrogen receptors |
|
|
Amniotic sac |
The membranous sac filled with fluid that holds the fetus |
|
|
Apgar score |
A system of rating an infant's physical condition immediately after birth |
|
|
Chorion |
The outermost layer of the embryo, with the endometrium, forms the placenta |
|
|
Ductus arteriosus |
A fetal blood vessel that connects to the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta, thus allowing blood to bypass the lungs |
|
|
Embryo |
The stage in development between the zygote and the fetus, extending from the 2nd through the 8th week of growth in the uterus |
|
|
Fertilization |
The union of an ovum and a spermatozoon |
|
|
Fetus |
The developing child in the uterus from the third month to birth |
|
|
Foramen ovale |
A small hole in the interatrial septum in the fetal heart that allows blood to pass directly from the right to the left side of the heart |
|
|
Gestation |
The period of development from conception to birth |
|
|
Gravida |
Pregnant woman |
|
|
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
A hormone secreted by the embryo early in pregnancy that maintains the corpus luteum so that it will continue to secrete hormones |
|
|
Lactation |
The secretion of milk from the mammary glands |
|
|
Oxytocin |
A pituitary hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus, it also stimulates release of milk from the breast |
|
|
Para |
Woman who has produced a viable infant; multiple births are considered as single pregnancies |
|
|
Parturition |
Childbirth |
|
|
Placenta |
The organ composed of fetal and maternal tissues that nourishes and maintains the developing fetus |
|
|
Umbilical cord |
The structure that connects the fetus to the placenta it contains vessels that carry blood between the mother and the fetus |
|
|
Zygote |
The fertilized ovum |
|
|
AI |
Aromatase inhibitor |
|
|
Brca1 |
Breast cancer Gene one |
|
|
Brca2 |
Breast cancer Gene 2 |
|
|
BSE |
Breast self-examination |
|
|
BSO |
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy |
|
|
BV |
Bacterial vaginosis |
|
|
CIN |
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia |
|
|
D&C |
Dilation and curettage |
|
|
DCIS |
Ductal carcinoma in situ |
|
|
DES |
Diethylstilbestrol |
|
|
FSH |
Follicle- stimulating hormone |
|
|
GC |
Gonococcus (cause of gonorrhea) |
|
|
GYN |
Gynecology |
|
|
HPV |
Human papillomavirus |
|
|
HRT |
Hormone replacement therapy |
|
|
IUD |
Intrauterine device |
|
|
LH |
Luteinizing hormone |
|
|
MHT |
Menopausal hormone therapy |
|
|
NGU |
Nongonococcal urethritis |
|
|
PCOS |
Polycystic ovarian syndrome |
|
|
PMS |
Premenstrual syndrome |
|
|
SERM |
Selective estrogen receptor modulator |
|
|
STD |
Sexually transmitted disease |
|
|
STI |
Sexually transmitted infection |
|
|
TAH |
Total abdominal hysterectomy |
|
|
TSS |
Toxic shock syndrome |
|
|
UFE |
Uterine fibroid embolization |
|
|
VD |
Venereal disease |
|
|
Amino |
Amnion, amniotic sac |
|
|
Embry/o |
Embryo |
|
|
Fet/o |
Fetus |
|
|
Toc/o |
Labor |
|
|
Nat/i |
Birth |
|
|
Lact/o |
Milk |
|
|
Galact/o |
Milk |
|
|
Gravida |
Pregnant woman |
|
|
Para |
Woman that has given birth |
|
|
Albinism |
Lack of pigmentation |
|
|
Cystic fibrosis |
Affects respiratory system, pancreas, and sweat glands |
|
|
Down syndrome |
Slanted eyes, short stature, mental retardation, and others; a extra 21 chromosome |
|
|
Fragile X syndrome |
A defect in an X chromosome, reduce intellectual abilities, autism, hyperactivity enlarged head and ears; passed from mothers to Sons with the X chromosome |
|
|
Hemophilia |
Recessive gene mutation on the X chromosome, bleeding disease inherited with an X chromosome and usually passed from mother to son |
|
|
Huntington disease |
Altered metabolism destroy specific nerve cells |
|
|
Klinefelter syndrome |
Lack of sexual development, Lowered intelligence |
|
|
Marfan syndrome |
Disease of connective tissue with weakness of the aorta |
|
|
Neurofibromatosis |
Multiple skin tumors containing nerve tissue |
|
|
Phenylketonuria |
Lack of enzyme to metabolize an amino acid |
|
|
Sickle cell anemia |
Abnormally shaped red blood cells block blood vessels |
|
|
Tay-Sachs disease |
An enzyme deficiency causes lipid to accumulate and nerve cells and other tissue cause early death in childhood carried in Eastern European Jewish populations |
|
|
Turner syndrome |
Sexual immaturity, short stature, possible lowered intelligence |
|
|
Abortion |
Termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is capable of surviving outside the uterus, usually at 20 weeks or 500 G |
|
|
Anencephaly |
Congenital absence of a brain |
|
|
Atresia |
Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening |
|
|
Carrier |
An individual who has an unexpressed genetic defect that can be passed to his or her children |
|
|
Cleft lip |
A congenital separation of the upper lip |
|
|
Cleft palate |
A congenital split in the roof of the mouth |
|
|
Congenital disorder |
A disorder that is present at birth |
|
|
Eclampsia |
Convulsions in coma occurring during pregnancy or after delivery and associated with the conditions of pregnancy-induced hypertension |
|
|
Ectopic pregnancy |
Development of the fertilized ovum outside the body of the uterus |
|
|
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) |
Disease that results from RH incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus |
|
|
Mastitis |
Inflammation of the breast, usually associated with the early weeks of breastfeeding |
|
|
Mutation |
A change in the genetic material of the cell |
|
|
Placental abruption |
Premature separation of the placenta |
|
|
Placenta previa |
Placental attachment in the lower portion of the uterus instead of the upper portion, as is normal may result in Hemorrhage in late pregnancy |
|
|
Pregnancy induced hypertension (PID) |
A toxic condition of late pregnancy associated with hypertension, edema, and proteinuria that, if untreated, may lead to eclampsia |
|
|
Spina bifida |
A congenital defect in the closure of the spinal column through which the spinal cord and it's membranes made for ject |
|
|
Teratogen |
A factor that causes developmental abnormalities in the fetus |
|
|
Amniocentesis |
Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac to remove amniotic fluid for testing |
|
|
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) |
Removal of chorionic cells through the cervix for prenatal testing |
|
|
Dilatation and evacuation (D&E) |
Widening of the cervix and removal of conception products by suction |
|
|
Karyotype |
A picture of cellular chromosomes arranged in order of decreasing size |
|
|
Ultrasonography |
The use of high frequency sound waves to produce a photograph of an organ or tissue |
|
|
Afterbirth |
The placenta and membranes delivered after birth of a child |
|
|
Antepartum |
Before childbirth, with reference to the mother |
|
|
Braxton Hicks contractions |
Light stir in the contractions that occur during pregnancy and increase in frequency and intensity during the third trimester |
|
|
Chloasma |
Brownish pigmentation that appears on the face during pregnancy |
|
|
Fontanel |
A membrane-covered space between the cranial bones in the fetus that later becomes ossified: a soft spot |
|
|
Intrapartum |
Occurring through childbirth |
|
|
Linea Nigra |
A dark line on the abdomen from the umbilicus to the pubic region that may appear late in pregnancy |
|
|
Lochia |
The mixture of blood, mucus, and tissue discharged from the uterus after childbirth |
|
|
Meconium |
The first feces of a newborn |
|
|
Peripartum |
Occuring during the end of pregnancy or the first few months after delivery, with reference to the mother |
|
|
Postpartum |
After childbirth, with reference to the mother |
|
|
Premature |
Describing an infant born before the organ systems are fully developed |
|
|
Preterm |
Occuring before the 37th week of gestation |
|
|
Puerperium |
The first 42 days after childbirth, during which the mothers reproductive organs usually return to normal |
|
|
Striae atropicae |
Pinkish or gray lines that appear where skin has been stretched , as in pregnancy: stretch marks |
|
|
Umbilicus |
The scar in the middle of the abdomen that marks the attachment point of the umbilical cord to the fetus: Belly button |
|
|
Vernix caseosa |
The cheese-like deposit that covers and protects the fetus |
|
|
Cephalopelvic disporportion |
The condition in which the head of the fetus is larger than the mothers pelvic outlet |
|
|
Choriocarcinoma |
A rare malignant neoplasm composed of placental tissue |
|
|
Galactorrhea |
Excessive secretion of milk or continued milk production after breast-feeding has ceased |
|
|
Hydatidiform mole |
A benign overgrowth of placental tissue |
|
|
Hydroaminos |
An excess of amniotic fluid |
|
|
Oligohydraminos |
A deficiency of amniotic fluid |
|
|
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) |
Persistance of the ductus arteriosus after birth so that blood continues to shunt from the pulmonary artery to the aorta |
|
|
Peurperal infection |
Infection of the genital tract after delivery |
|
|
Abortifacient |
Agent that induces abortion |
|
|
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) |
A fetal protein that may be elevated in amniotic fluid and material serum in cases of certain fetal disorders |
|
|
Artificial insemination (AI) |
Placement of active semen into the vagina or cervix for the purpose of impregnation |
|
|
Cesarean section |
Incision of the abdominal wall and uterus for the delivery of a fetus |
|
|
Endometrial ablation |
Selective destruction of the endometrium for therapeutic purpose |
|
|
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) |
A technique for pulmonary bypass in which deoxygenated blood is removed, passed through a new circuit that oxygenates the blood, and then returned |
|
|
In vitro fertilization (IVF) |
Clinical procedure for achieving fertilization when it cannot be accomplished naturally |
|
|
Obstetrics |
The branch of medicine that treats women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium |
|
|
Pediatrics |
The branch of medicine that treats children and diseases of children |
|
|
Pelvimetry |
Measurement of the pelvis by manual examination or radiographic study to determine whether delivery of a fetus through the vagina will be possible |
|
|
Pitocin |
Trade name for oxytocin; used to induce and hasten labor |
|
|
Presentation |
Term describing the part of the fetus that can be felt by vaginal or rectal examination |
|
|
RhoGAM |
Trade name for a preparation of antibody to the Rh(D) antigen |
|
|
AB |
Abortion |
|
|
AFP |
Alpha-feroprotein |
|
|
AGA |
Appropriate for gestational age |
|
|
AI |
Artificial insemenation |
|
|
ART |
Assisted reproductive technology |
|
|
C-section |
Cesarean section |
|
|
CPD |
Cephalopelvic disproportion |
|
|
CVS |
Chorionic villus sampling |
|
|
D&E |
Dilatation and evacuation |
|
|
ECMO |
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation |
|
|
EDC |
Estimated date of confinement |
|
|
FHR |
Fetal heart rate |
|
|
FHT |
Fetal heart tone |
|
|
FTND |
Full-term normal delivery |
|
|
FTP |
Full-term pregnancy |
|
|
GA |
Gestational age |
|
|
GIFT |
Gamete intrafallopian transfer |
|
|
hCG |
Human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
HDN |
Hemolytic disease of the newborn |
|
|
IVF |
In vitro fertilization |
|
|
LMP |
Last menstrual period |
|
|
NB |
Newborn |
|
|
NICU |
Neonatal intensive care unit |
|
|
OB |
Obstetrics, Obstetrician |
|
|
PDA |
Patent ductus arteriosus |
|
|
PIH |
Pregnancy-induced hypertension |
|
|
PKU |
Phenylketonuria |
|
|
SVD |
Spontaneous vaginal delivery |
|
|
UC |
Uterine contractions |
|
|
UTP |
Urterine term pregnancy |
|
|
VBAC |
Vaginal birth after cesarean section |
|
|
ZIFT |
Zygote intrafallopian transfer |
|
|
The inner region of an organ is the
|
medulla |
|
|
The active units of the kidney are the |
nephrons
|
|
|
The glomerulus is a(n) |
cluster of capillaries in the Bowman capsule
|
|
|
The material that leaves the blood and enters the nephron makes up the |
filtrate
|
|
|
The tube between the kidney and the bladder is the |
ureter
|
|
|
Micturition is |
another term for urination
|
|
|
Perirenal means |
around the kidneys
|
|
|
Nephropathy is |
any disease of the kidney
|
|
|
The juxtaglomerular region is |
near the glomerulus
|
|
|
The term calicectomy means |
surgical removal of a calyx |
|
|
Pyelonephritis is
|
inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney
|
|
|
The term transurethral means |
through the urethra
|
|
|
Painful or difficult urination is |
dysuria
|
|
|
Cystotomy is |
incision of the urinary bladder
|
|
|
The root in the term prevesical means |
urinary bladder
|
|
|
A cystocele is a(n) |
hernia of the bladder
|
|
|
Pyuria is the presence of |
pus in the urine
|
|
|
A diuretic acts to |
increase excretion of urine
|
|
|
Polydipsia is |
excessive thirst
|
|
|
Oliguria is |
excretion of a decreased amount of urine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The sex glands are the |
gonads
|
|
|
The cell division that forms the sex cells is |
meiosis
|
|
|
The main androgen is |
testosterone
|
|
|
The epididymis is a |
coiled tube on the testis that stores sperm cells |
|
|
|
|
|
|
is not a tube that transports spermatozoa? |
inguinal canal
|
|
|
Orchialgia is |
pain in the testis
|
|
|
the following glands add secretions to semen except the |
sudoriferous glands
|
|
|
The ductus deferens is cut in a |
vasectomy |
|
|
Anorchism is |
absence of a testis
|
|
|
Spermatorrhea is |
excessive discharge of semen |
|
|
Vesiculotomy is |
incision of the seminal vesicle
|
|
|
A vasovasostomy is used to |
reverse a vasectomy
|
|
|
The adjective for penis is |
penile
|
|
|
The adjective oscheal refers to the |
Scrotum |
|
|
Surgical fixation of the testis is |
orchiopexy |
|
|
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is |
enlargement of the prostate
|
|
|
A condition of having an undescended testis is termed
|
cryptorchidism |
|
|
An inguinal hernia is
|
protrusion of an organ through the inguinal canal
|
|
|
The foreskin is removed in a(n) |
circumcision |
|
|
Coitus is
|
sexual intercourse |
|
|
The fallopian tube is also called the
|
oviduct |
|
|
The cervix is the
|
lower narrow portion of the uterus |
|
|
The endometrium is the
|
lining of the uterus |
|
|
A laparoscope is introduced into the body
|
through the abdominal wall |
|
|
For the first 2 months of growth, the developing offspring is termed a(n)
|
embryo |
|
|
The term gravida refers to a(n)
|
pregnant woman
|
|
|
Oogenesis is
|
formation of an egg cell |
|
|
Ovariorrhexis is
|
rupture of an ovary |
|
|
Oophorectomy is
|
excision of an ovary |
|
|
Oligomenorrhea is
|
scanty menstrual flow |
|
|
A retrouterine structure is located |
behind the uterus |
|
|
Hysterotomy is
|
incision of the uterus |
|
|
Narrowing of the uterus is
|
metrostenosis |
|
|
Colpectasia is |
dilatation of the vagina |
|
|
Episiorrhaphy is
|
suture of the vulva |
|
|
Dystocia is
|
difficult labor |
|
|
Agalactia is
|
lack of milk production |
|
|
A nullipara is a
|
woman who has never given birth |
|
|
An ectopic pregnancy occurs
|
outside of the uterine cavity |
|
|
A teratogenic substance
|
causes fetal malformation
|
|
|
Prerenal |
before or in front of the kidneys |
|
|
Post renal |
behind the kidney |
|
|
Suprarenal |
above the kidneys |
|
|
Perirenal |
around the kidneys |
|
|
Nephrologist |
the medical specialist who studies the kidney |
|
|
Nephropathy |
Disease of the kidney |
|
|
Nephrotoxic |
poisonous or toxic to the kidney |
|
|
Nephromalacia |
softening of the kidney |
|
|
nephromegaly |
enlargement of the kidney |
|
|
Nephrotomy |
incision of the kidney |
|
|
Pyelonephritis |
inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney |
|
|
Pyeloplasty |
plastic repair of the renal pelvis |
|
|
Pyelogram |
radiograph of the renal pelvis |
|
|
Glomerulitis |
Inflammation of the glomerulus |
|
|
Calcicotomy |
Incision of the renal calyx |
|
|
Glomerulosclerosis |
Hardening of a glomerulus |
|
|
Caliestasis |
dialation of a renal calyx |
|
|
Uropathy |
disease of the kidney |
|
|
Urography |
Radiography of the urinary tract |
|
|
Urolith |
A urinary stone (calculus) |
|
|
Uremia |
Presence of waste products in the blood |
|
|
Anuria |
Lack of urine |
|
|
Pyuria |
Presence of pus in the urine |
|
|
Nocturia |
Urination at night |
|
|
Dysuria |
Painfiul or difficult urination |
|
|
Hematuria |
Presence of blood in the urine |
|
|
Diuresis |
Increased excretion of urine |
|
|
Anuresis |
Lack of urination |
|
|
Natiuresis |
Excretion of sodium in the urine |
|
|
Kaliuresis |
Excretion of potassium in the urine |
|
|
Urethropexy
|
Surgical fixation of the urethra |
|
|
Ureterostomy |
Surgical creation of an opening in the ureter |
|
|
Uretherorrhaphy |
Suture of the ureter |
|
|
Urethroscopy |
Endoscopic examination of urethra |
|
|
Ureterocele |
Herniation of the ureter |
|
|
Cystitis |
Inflammation of the urination |
|
|
Cystography |
Radiography of the urinary bladder |
|
|
Cystoscope |
An instrument for examination the interior of the bladder |
|
|
Cystotomy |
Incision of the bladder |
|
|
Cystorrhea |
Discharge from the bladder |
|
|
Supravesical |
Above the urinary bladder |
|
|
Urethrovesical |
Pertaining to the urethra and bladder |
|
|
Cystalgia |
pain in the urinary bladder |
|
|
Ureterotomy |
Surgical incision of the ureter |
|
|
Transurethral |
through the urethra |
|
|
Uropoiesis |
Formation of urine |
|
|
Prostatometer |
Instrument for measuring the prostate |
|
|
Spermatogenesis |
Formation of spermatozoa |
|
|
Prostatodynia |
Pain in the prostate |
|
|
Osteoplasty |
Plastic repair of the scrotum |
|
|
Epididymectomy |
Excision of the epididymis |
|
|
Orchialgia |
Pain in the testes |
|
|
Testopathy |
Any disease of the testes |
|
|
Orchiepididymitis |
Inflammation of the testis and epididymis |
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Orchiopexy |
Surgical fixation of a testis |
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Orchioplasty |
Plastic repair of a testis |
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Orchiectomy |
Surgical removal of a testis |
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Spermaturia |
Condition of having sperm in the urine |
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Spermatolysis |
Destruction of sperm |
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Spermatorrhea |
Excessive discharge of semen |
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Oligospermia |
Subnormal concentration of sperm in semen |
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Spermatocyte |
A sperm forming cell |
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Hemospermia |
Presence of blood in the semen |
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Aspermia |
Lack of semen |
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Polyspermia |
Secretion of excess semen |
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Pyospermia |
Presence of pus in the semen |
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Oscheoma |
Tumor of the scrotum |
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Vasorrhaphy |
Suture of the vas deferens |
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Prostatectomy |
Excision of the prostate gland |
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Vesiculography |
Radiographic study of the seminal vesicle |
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Vesiculitis |
Inflammation of a seminal vesicle |
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Epididymotomy |
Incision of the epididymis |
