Chapter 13-16 Test

Front 1

is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment.

Back 1

sensation

Front 2

is the interpretation of sensations performed by the cerebral cortex.

Back 2

perception

Front 3

Each type of sensation is called a

Back 3

sensory modality

Front 4

Sensory modalities are grouped into either general senses or

Back 4

special senses

Front 5

tactile (touch, pressure, vibrations, itch, tickle) thermal, pain, proprioceptive (perception of moving and nonmoving body parts and positions).

Back 5

somatic

Front 6

pressure, chemicals, stretch, nausea, hunger, temperature in internal organs

Back 6

visceral

Front 7

possess bare dendrites. The are used to detect somatic pain, temperature, tickle, itch and some touch.

Back 7

Free nerve endings

Front 8

have dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule. They are used to detect somatic and visceral pressure, vibration and some touch.

Back 8

Encapsulated nerve endings

Front 9

Sensory receptors cells for some special senses include gustatory receptor cells in taste buds, photoreceptors in the retina of the eye and hair cells in the inner ear for hearing.

Back 9

separate cell

Front 10

in or near external surface of the body; monitor external environment through hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration and pain.

Back 10

Exteroreceptors

Front 11

monitor the body’s internal environment with receptors in blood vessels, visceral organs, and nervous system

Back 11

Interoreceptors

Front 12

located in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear; provide info about body position, muscle length/tension and the position and movement of joints. See Fig. 16.4 (p. 554) for two examples: 1) muscle spindles – changes in muscle length 2) tendon organs – monitor force of contraction

Back 12

Proprioceptors

Front 13

detect sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing and equilibrium as a result of stretching, bending, or changing the shape of a cell

Back 13

Mechanoreceptors

Front 14

detect changes in temperature

Back 14

Thermoreceptors

Front 15

detect painful stimuli resulting from tissue damage

Back 15

Nociceptors

Front 16

detect light that hits the retina of the eye

Back 16

Photoreceptors

Front 17

detect chemicals in the mouth, nose and body fluids

Back 17

Chemoreceptors

Front 18

detect the osmotic pressure of body fluid

Back 18

Osmoreceptors

Front 19

that arise from stimulating the skin are called cutaneous sensations.

Back 19

Somatic sensations

Front 20

Pain serves a protective function by indicating tissue damage and/or helping to pinpoint the underlying cause of disease/disorder. Receptors for pain are called ________ and are located in almost every tissue in the body.

Back 20

nociceptors

Front 21

acute, sharp or prickling; perceived within 0.1 second.

Back 21

Fast pain

Front 22

chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain; perceived a second or more after the stimulus. It may grow in intensity over time.

Back 22

Slow pain

Front 23

arising from skin receptors.

Back 23

Superficial somatic pain

Front 24

arising from skeletal muscles, joints, tendons and fascia.

Back 24

Deep somatic pain

Front 25

usually present in or just deep to the skin that overlies the stimulated organ.

Back 25

Visceral pain

Front 26

block the formation of prostaglandins, which stimulate nociceptors. Ex. Aspirin and ibuprofen

Back 26

Analgesic drugs

Front 27

short term pain relief by blocking conduction of nerve impulses. Ex. Novocaine

Back 27

Local anesthetics

Front 28

alter the perception of pain coming from the brain. Ex. Morphine

Back 28

Opiate drugs

Front 29

If an organ and a different part of the body are served by the same segment of the spinal cord, the pain may be felt beyond the stimulated organ. This is called

Back 29

referred pain.

Front 30

pathways carry information from somatic sensory receptors to the primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex and to the cerebellum.

Back 30

Somatic sensory

Front 31

carry impulses from somatic receptors to the spinal cord and/or brain stem

Back 31

First-order neurons

Front 32

carry impulses from the brain stem to the thalamus. These axons decussate before ascending to the thalamus.

Back 32

Second-order neurons

Front 33

carry impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex.

Back 33

Third-order neurons

Front 34

located on both parietal lobes of the brain are the sites for the primary somatosensory area.

Back 34

Postcentral gyri

Front 35

The posterior ___________ tract and the anterior ___________ tract carry proprioceptive impulses from the spine to the cerebellum. These impulses help maintain posture, balance, and coordination of skilled movements.

Back 35

spinocerebellar

Front 36

nerves that extend out of the brain stem through cranial nerves or out of the spinal cord through spinal nerves to control all voluntary and involuntary movements

Back 36

Lower motor neurons (LMNs)

Front 37

provide input to LMNs from the cerebral cortex and motor centers in the brain stem to carry out voluntary movements. They also help maintain balance, muscle tone, and posture

Back 37

Upper motor neurons (UMNs)

Front 38

Monitoring intentions for movementMonitoring actual movementComparing command signals with sensory informationSending out corrective feedback when there’s a discrepancy between intended and actual movement

Back 38

cerebellum

Front 39

the processing of sensory info by analyzing and storing it and using it to make decisions for various responses; includes : Sleep and wakefulness Learning and memory Emotional responses

Back 39

Integration

Front 40

difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep caused by stress, caffeine*, depression, disruption of circadian rhythm, etc.

Back 40

Insomnia

Front 41

breathing repeatedly stops while sleeping due to loss of pharyngeal muscle tone

Back 41

Sleep Apnea

Front 42

involuntary periods of sleep that last about 15 minutes that occur throughout the day due to a deficiency of orexin, a chemical released from the hypothalamus which promotes wakefulness

Back 42

Narcolepsy

Front 43

the process by which info acquired through learning is stored and retrieved

Back 43

Memory

Front 44

the ability to acquire new info or skills through instruction or experience

Back 44

learning

Front 45

severed endings of sensory axons still present in severed limbs can be activated to produce severe pain that is perceived to be coming from the nonexistent limb. It can be treated with electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture, and biofeedback.

Back 45

Phantom Limb Sensation

Front 46

a degenerative disease that attacks motor areas of the cerebral cortex, causing progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Death typically occurs in 2-5 years. The drug riluzole reduces damage to motor neurons, but is not a cure.

Back 46

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Front 47

due to an inherited loss of neurons that release GABA and ACh, resulting in rapid, jerky movements and progressive mental deterioration. Symptoms often do not appear until age 30-40 and death typically occurs 10-20 years later.

Back 47

Huntington Disease

Front 48

characterized by involuntary body movements and use of inappropriate sounds or words

Back 48

Tourette syndrome

Front 49

excess dopamine activity in the brain causes delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations

Back 49

Schizophrenia

Front 50

repetitive thoughts cause repetitive actions

Back 50

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Front 51

due to too little dopamine and too much ACh; typically affects victims around the age of 60. Symptoms are progressive and include tremors (especially hands), muscle rigidity, slowness of movement and decreased range of motion. Taking dopamine orally is ineffective because it cannot cross the BBB. Anticholinergic drugs can block the build-up of ACh to reduce some symptoms. Surgical treatments show some promise, including implanting electrodes that release electrical currents to reduce some of the symptoms.

Back 51

Parkinson’s Disease (Basal Nuclei Disorder)