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63 Cards in this Set
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CLIA |
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Ammendments |
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Meter |
The basic unit of length |
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Liter |
Basic unit of capacity or volume. |
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Gram |
Basic unit of weight or more correctly, mass. |
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Why is plasma, blood or serum sometimes diluted? |
To produce color reactions that can be used in determining test results. |
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Solutions |
Most premade10% bleach solutions are used in cleaning areas where there was possibility body fluid contamination. There will be a time when you will need to prepare a solution of a certain strength from a given solution of another strength. When preparing a solution it must be exact. |
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Gram positive stain |
Have a thick peptidoglycan layer and large amounts of teichoic acids. This combination prevents them from being affected by alcohol decolorization therefore they retained the initial stain of crystal Violet which imparts a deep Violet color. |
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Examples of Gram positive bacteria |
Staph and strep |
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The Gram staining procedure consists of the following sequence: (4) |
1. Dye (crystal violet) 2. Mordant (Gram's iodine) 3. Decolorizer (95% ethyl alcohol/ acetone) 4. Counterstain (safranin stain) |
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Gram negative bacteria |
Bacteria that is colorized completely by ethanol and take up safranin counterstain. They appear red. The gram stain can be affected by many factors, including culturing, age, antibiotics the medium in which the bacteria is growing, incubation, atmosphere, phagocytosis, and staining technique. |
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Examplea of CLIA waved tests |
Beta-hCG, Glucose, Cholesterol/Triglycerides, UA dipstick Peripheral Blood Smear. Usually any non automated tests. |
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ABG's |
Arterial blood gasses help assess patients ventilation, oxygen, and acid base balance. Used to monitor the condition of critically ill patients, to diagnose electrolyte imbalances, to monitor oxygen flow rates, and to compliment other a pulmonary function studies. |
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Kidney (parts) |
The outer region is the renal cortex and an inner region, the renal medulla. |
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What are the kidneys functions |
To remove metabolic waste from the blood stream maintain the body's acid base balance and regulate body hydration. |
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Urea |
A nitrogenous product of protein metabolism, is the major waste product removed by the kidney. |
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Kidneys also produce |
Hormones such as renin which controls blood pressure and erythropoietin which stimulates the production of red blood cells. |
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1st morning urine sample |
Represents the urine formed over approximately an 8 hour period (concentrated). |
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Midstream specimen |
Should be at least 25ML of urine. Thought to be a better representative of the contents of the bladder. |
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Clean-catch specimen |
Most laboratories prefer a clean- catch midstream specimen for testing shows the clearest most accurate results. |
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Urine Composition |
96% water and 4% dissolved substances consisting mainly of urea. |
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Urine output |
Normally averages 1200 to 1500 ML every 24 hours. |
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Oliguria |
Decreased urinary output |
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Polyuria |
Increased urinary output |
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Anuria |
Little or no urine output |
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Routine urinalysis procedure 3 parts |
1. Physical examination 2. Chemical examination 3. Microscopic examination |
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Physical examination of urine (5) |
1.Volume (to determine if it's adequate for testing) 2. Color and Appearance 3. Temperature 4. Odor 5. Specific gravity |
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Chemical examination of urine (9) |
Can be qualitative or quantitative pH Glucose Ketone Protein Blood Bilirubin Urobilinogen Nitrite Leukocyte esterase |
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Micro scopic examination of urine |
Done on urine sediment obtained by centrifugation of 10 to 15mL of urine. |
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Urine multi stix UA |
Test strip is placed in fresh urine for 1 second. Upon remove all the strip is blotted. Develop for up to 2 minutes. Compare to an array a possible interpretations. |
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Specific gravity |
The ratio of the weight of a given volume of urine to the weight of the same volume of distilled water at a constant temperature. This specific gravity a pure distilled water is always one. |
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Normal specific gravity range |
24 hour period 1.015 to 1.025 Random collection 1.005 to 1.030 |
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Urinary pH |
The percentage of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is a reflection of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. 7 is considered to be neutral. Distilled water is 7 0 to 7 acidic 7 to 14 alkaline or basic Most healthy patients are around 6. |
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Glycosuria |
Sugar in the urine |
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Glycosuria happens when |
Blood glucose levels exceeds the renal threshold. |
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Urinary leukocytes |
Indicator of bacteriuria or urinary tract infection. |
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Positive urinary nitrite test may equal a... |
UTI |
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Increase levels of hCG indicates |
Pregnancy |
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Hemoccult |
Tests for fecal occult ( Hidden blood in the stool) |
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Throat cultures are used to detect |
Bacterial, fungal or viral infections in the throat. |
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Quality control (QC) |
Ensuring the accuracy of test results by running check tests through control specimens. Some laboratories run these with every batch of tests With normal and add normal both high and low ranges. |
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Standard |
Asubstance of known value a centrally free from impurities which has close to a true value. |
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Proficiency testing systems |
Test results are compared with those of other participating laboratories and printed summaries are provided to them. |
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Maintenance programs |
Regular calibrating of instruments checking refrigerator and freezer temperatures and water purity testing to name a few. |
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Hematology section of the lab |
Deals with the various components of the blood. |
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Chemistry section |
The most automated section in the laboratory. Chemical components of blood Immunochemistry Toxicology Profiles |
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Example of profiles test (2) |
Liver profile Coronary risk profile |
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Clinical laboratory panel |
A set up to us that are commonly ordered together |
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Profile test |
A group of test ordered by a physician to evaluate the status of an organ or body system. |
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Serology (Immunology) Section |
Performs test to evaluate the patients immune response through the production of antibodies. This section uses serum to analyze presence of antibodies to bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and antibodies against the body's own substances (autoimmunity). |
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Culture and sensitivity (C&S) microbiology section |
The primary test done to detect the presence and identify the micro organisms in body fluids and tissues. |
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Subsections of microbiology (4) |
1. Bacteriology 2. Parasitology 3. Mycology-the study of fungi 4. Virology |
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Blood bank section |
Where blood is collected stored and prepared for transfusion. |
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Blood collected maybe separated into components (4) |
1. Packed cells 2. Platelets 3. Fresh frozen plasma 4. Cryoprecipitate |
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Test done in the blood bank require which tubes (3) |
Red top Lavender Pink |
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Specimens in the blood bank must have the following identification information (4) |
1.Patients full name and date of birth 2.Patients hospital identification number (SSN for outpatient) 3.Date and time of collection 4.Medical assistant phlebotomist. initials |
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Where are the antigens that determine the blood group and blood type of the patient? |
On the surfaces of the red blood cells |
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Universal donor |
Blood type O |
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Universal acceptor |
AB+ |
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hCG |
Hunan Chorionic Gonadotropin |
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QC |
Quality control a system of maintaining standards in manufactured products by testing a sample of the output against the specification |
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QA |
Quality assurance the maintenance of a desired level of quality in a service or product especially by means of attention to every stage of the process of delivery or production |
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Mordant |
A substance typically an inorganic oxide that combines with a dye or stain and thereby fixes it in a material. |
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Fixative |
A chemical substance used to preserve or stabilize biological material prior to microscopy or other examination. |
