Chapter 1,2,3 Exam Review

Front 1

anabolism

Back 1

metabolic building up of simple compounds into more complex substnces.

Hint 1

uses ATP

Front 2

anatomic position

Back 2

standard position of the body for anatomic studies; upright face front, arms at side w/ palms forward & feet parallel

Front 3

anatomy

Back 3

study of body structure

Front 4

catabolism

Back 4

metabolic breakdown of substances into simper substances

Hint 4

creates ATP

Front 5

cell

Back 5

basic unit of life

Front 6

disease

Back 6

illness; abnormal stte in which part or all of the body does not function properly

Front 7

extracellular fluid

Back 7

fluid that is outside the cell

Front 8

homeostasis

Back 8

state of balance w/in the body; maintenance of body conditions w/in set limits

Front 9

intracellular fluid

Back 9

fluid within a cell

Front 10

metabolism

Back 10

all the physical and chemical processes by which an organism is maintained

Front 11

negative feedback

Back 11

self-regulation system in which the result of an action revereses that action; a method for keeping body conditions w/in a normal range and maintaining homeostasis

Front 12

organ

Back 12

body part containing two or more tissues functioning together for specific purpose

Front 13

pathology

Back 13

study of disease

Front 14

physiology

Back 14

study of the function of living organisms

Front 15

system

Back 15

group of organs functioning together for the same general purpose

Front 16

tissue

Back 16

group of similar cells that perfoms a specialized function

Front 17

dis-

Back 17

apart, away from

Front 18

-ology

Back 18

study of

Front 19

path/o

Back 19

disease

Front 20

physi/o

Back 20

nature, physical

Front 21

-tomy

Back 21

cutting, incision of

Front 22

ana-

Back 22

upward, again, back

Front 23

cata-

Back 23

down

Front 24

extra-

Back 24

outside of, beyond

Front 25

home/o

Back 25

same

Front 26

intra-

Back 26

within

Front 27

stat, stasis

Back 27

stand, stoppage, constancy

Front 28

Levels of Body Organization

Back 28

chemicals, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Front 29

What systems Protect, support and provide movement?

Back 29

Integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system

Front 30

integumentary system

Back 30

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands

Front 31

skeletal system

Back 31

bones, 206 bones and the joints between them

Front 32

muscular system

Back 32

muscles, produces movement, structure, protects organs and maintains posture

Front 33

What body systems provide communication and control?

Back 33

Nervous system and endocrine system

Front 34

Nervous system

Back 34

brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Sense organs (eyes, ears, taste buds, and organs of smell) receptors for senses like pain and touch.

Front 35

Endocrine system

Back 35

glands that produce hormones that regulate growth, nutrient utilization, and reproduciton. Ex. thyroid, pituitary, adrenal.

Front 36

What body systems provide circulation and immunity?

Back 36

Cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

Front 37

Cardiovascular system

Back 37

heart, blood vessels. Pumps blood throughout body carrying nutrients and oxygen to al body tissue and carries waste away

Front 38

lymphatic system

Back 38

lymphatic vessels, returns fluid from the tissue to the blood and absorbs fats. Ex. tonsils, thymus, and spleen

Front 39

What body systems provide energy supply and fluid balance?

Back 39

Respiratory system; digestive system; urinary system; reproductive system

Front 40

repiratory system

Back 40

lungs and passages to and from the lungs. Gas exchange takes place here....oxygen to body and CO2 out of body

Front 41

digestive system

Back 41

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gall bladder and pancreas. Takes in food, converts to energy for cells to use, absorbs into circulation

Front 42

urinary system

Back 42

kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra. Rids the body of waste products and excess water.

Front 43

reproductive system

Back 43

all external and internal sex organs that produce offspring

Front 44

acid

Back 44

substance that can release a hydrogen ion when dissolved in water

Front 45

amino acid

Back 45

building block of protein

Front 46

anion

Back 46

negatively charged particle (ion)

Front 47

aqueous

Back 47

pertaining to water; an aqueous solution is one in which water is the solvent

Front 48

atom

Back 48

smallest subunit of a chemical element

Front 49

base

Back 49

a lower portion or foundation. Substnce that can accept a hydrogenb ion; substance that releases a hydroxide ion when dissolved in water; an alkali

Front 50

buffer

Back 50

substance that prevents sharp changes in a solutions pH

Front 51

carbohydrate

Back 51

simple sugar or compound made from simple sugars linked together, such as starch or glycogen

Front 52

catalyst

Back 52

substance that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction

Front 53

cation

Back 53

positively charged particle (ion)

Front 54

chemistry

Back 54

study of the composition and properties of matter

Front 55

colloid

Back 55

mixture in which suspended particles do not dissolve but remain distributed in the solvent because of their small size

Front 56

compound

Back 56

substance composed of 2 or more chemical elements

Front 57

denaturation

Back 57

change in structure of a protein, such as an enzyme, so that it can no longer function

Front 58

electrolyte

Back 58

compound that separates into ions in solution; substance that conducts an electric current in solution

Front 59

electron

Back 59

negatively charged particle in an energy level outside an atom's nucleus

Front 60

element

Back 60

one of the substances from which all matter is made; substance that cannot be decomposed into a simpler substance

Front 61

enzyme

Back 61

a protein that aceperates a specific chemical reaction

Front 62

glucose

Back 62

simple sugar; main energy source for the cells; dextrose

Front 63

glycogen

Back 63

compound built from glucose molecules that is stored for energy in the liver and muscles

Front 64

ion

Back 64

atom or molecule w/ an electrical charge; anion or cation

Front 65

isotope

Back 65

form of an element that has the same atomic # as another form of that element but a different atomic weight; isotopes differ in their #'s of neutrons

Front 66

lipid

Back 66

type of organic compound, one example of which is fat

Front 67

molecule

Back 67

particle formed by covalent bonding of two or more atoms; smallest subunit of a compound

Front 68

nucleotide

Back 68

building block of DNA and RNA; one is also a component of ATP

Front 69

neutron

Back 69

noncharged particle in an atom's nucleus

Front 70

pH

Back 70

symbol indicating hydrogen ion (H+) concentration; lower #'s indicate a higher H+ concentration and higher acidity

Front 71

protein

Back 71

organic compound made of amino acids; found as structural materials and metabolically active compounds such as enzymes, some hormones, pigments, antibodies, and others.

Front 72

proton

Back 72

positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus

Front 73

radioactive

Back 73

pertaining to isotopes that fall apart easily, giving off radiation

Front 74

salt

Back 74

compound formed by reaction between an acid and base (NaCl) Sodium Chloride

Front 75

Solute

Back 75

substance that is dissolved in another substance

Front 76

solution

Back 76

homogeneous mixture of one substance dissolved in another; the components in a mixture are evenly distributed and cannot be distinguished from each other

Front 77

solvent

Back 77

substance in which another substance is dissolved

Front 78

steroid

Back 78

category of lipids that includes the hormones of the sex glands and the adrenal cortex

Front 79

substrate

Back 79

substance on which an anzyme works

Front 80

suspension

Back 80

heterogeneous mixture that will separate unless shaken

Front 81

valence

Back 81

combining power of an atom; # of electrons lost, gained, or shared by atoms of an element in chemical reactions

Front 82

co-

Back 82

together

Hint 82

covalent

Front 83

aqu/e

Back 83

water

Hint 83

aqueous

Front 84

heter/o

Back 84

different

Hint 84

heterogeneous

Front 85

hom/o

Back 85

same

Hint 85

homogeneous

Front 86

hydr/o

Back 86

water

Hint 86

dehydration

Front 87

phil

Back 87

to like

Hint 87

hydrophilic

Front 88

phobia

Back 88

fear

Hint 88

hydrophobic

Front 89

-ase

Back 89

suffix used in naming enzymes

Hint 89

lipase

Front 90

de-

Back 90

remove

Hint 90

denaturation

Front 91

di

Back 91

twice, double

Hint 91

disaccharide

Front 92

glyc/o

Back 92

sugar, glucose, sweet

Hint 92

glycogen

Front 93

mon/o

Back 93

one

Hint 93

monosaccharide

Front 94

poly

Back 94

many

Hint 94

polysaccharide

Front 95

sacchar/o

Back 95

sugar

Hint 95

monosaccharide

Front 96

tri

Back 96

three

Hint 96

triglycerides

Front 97

What is an element, give examples.

Back 97

buidlibng blocks of all matter, Over 100 on the periodic table. Smallest unit of an element is an atom. Examples are oxygen, hydrogen or helium

Front 98

What elements are contained in table salt?

Back 98

NaCl (Sodium Chloride) Sodium and Chlorine

Front 99

Which element makes up the greatest % of body weight?

Back 99

oxygen w/ 65%

Front 100

Molecules VS. Compounds

Back 100

molecules are atoms that chemically bond with each other covalently

Compounds are molecules w/ 2 or more different kinds of atoms. Compounds can be ionic or covalent.

Front 101

What is an atom and its' parts?

Back 101

An atom is the smallest unit of an element. Protons (positive charge) and neutrons (neutral charge) are in the nucleus. Electrons (negative charge) are in the outer rings called valence levels

Front 102

What does the atomic # and the atomic mass represent?

Back 102

atomic # is the # of protons in the nucleus

atomic mass is the sum of the weight of protons and neutrons

Front 103

What is a mixture and what types are there?

Back 103

A mixture is 2 or more substances not chemically bonded. Examples.....solute, solvent, soution, aqueous solution, homogeneous, suspension, colloid

Front 104

suspension mixture

Back 104

heterogeneous, non uniform, uneven distribution

Front 105

colloid

Back 105

heterogeneous, evenly suspended or dispersed

Front 106

what is an ionic bond?

Back 106

transfer of electron between 2 atoms. One atom gives and the other takes

Front 107

What is a covalent bond?

Back 107

when two or more atoms share electrons

Front 108

what is the difference between a covalent polar bond and a covalent non polar bond?

Back 108

nonpolar- electrons are shared evenly

polar-electrons are not shared evenly

Front 109

explain the pH scale and what the numbers represent.

Back 109

pH scale measure the relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution. (0=most acidic; 14= base; 7=neutral) body pH range = 7.35-7.45

Front 110

Explain what an organic compound is and give examples.

Back 110

a compound that contains molecules with carbon-hydrogen bonds and found in all living things. Examples are carbohydrates; protein; nucleic acids; lipids

Front 111

Explain carbohydrates

Back 111

also know as a saccharide or sugar. They form as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides. Mono is the simplest sugar like glucose or fructose, Di- has two sugars like sucrose or lactose, and finally poly has more than two sugars like starch or glycogen

Front 112

Explain proteins

Back 112

most complex organic compound. They help with structure, enzymatic catalyst and regulation. Polymers composed of monomers call aminoacids. 4 levels of structure.

Front 113

Explain lipids

Back 113

fats, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids. Triglyceride is a simple fat, and 3 fatty acid tails, insultates body, protects organs, stores energy. Main component of cell membranes. Steriods contain rings of carbon atoms, and they help regulate body function.

Front 114

nucleotides

Back 114

use ATP. Link together by covalent bonds. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Front 115

What are enzymes and their function?

Back 115

enzymes are proteins that help accelerate a specific chemical reaction. . Only certain enzymes can bind with specific receptors to allow certain chemical reactions to occur.

Front 116

active transport

Back 116

movement of molecules into or out of a cell from an area where they are in lower concentration to an areaa where they are in higher concentration. Such movement, which is opposite to the direction of normal flow by diffusion, requires energy and transporters

Front 117

cancer

Back 117

tumor that spreads to other tissues; a malignant neoplasm

Front 118

carcinogen

Back 118

cancer-causing substance

Front 119

chromosome

Back 119

dark-staining, thread-like body in a cell's nucleus; contain genes that determin hereditary traits

Front 120

cytology

Back 120

study of cells

Front 121

cytoplasm

Back 121

substance that fills the cell, consisting of a liquid cytosol and organelles

Front 122

diffusion

Back 122

movement of solutes from a region where they are higher concentration to a region where they are in lower concentration

Front 123

DNA

Back 123

deoxyribonucleic acid--genetic material of a cell; makes up chromosomes in the cell's nucleus

Front 124

endocytosis

Back 124

movement of large amounts of material into a cell using vesicles (i.e. phagocytosis and pinocytosis)

Front 125

exocytosis

Back 125

movement of large amounts of material out of the cell using vesicles.

Front 126

filtration

Back 126

movement of material through semipermeable membrane down a pressure gradient

Front 127

gene

Back 127

hereditary factor; portion of DNAon a chromosome encoding a specific protein

Front 128

hemolysis

Back 128

rupture of red blood cells

Front 129

hypertonic

Back 129

solution that is more concentrated than the fluid in the cell

Front 130

hypotonic

Back 130

A solution that is less concentrated than the fluid in the cell

Front 131

interphase

Back 131

stage of a cells life between one mitosis and the next when the cell is not dividing

Front 132

isotonic

Back 132

solution that has the same concentration as the fluid in the cell

Front 133

micrometer

Back 133

1/1000th of a millimeter; an instrument for measuring through a microscope

Front 134

microscope

Back 134

magnifying instrument used to examine cells and other structures not visible with naked eye; examples....compound light microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Front 135

mitochondria

Back 135

cellular organells that manufacture ATP

Front 136

mitosis

Back 136

type of cell division that produces 2 daughter cells that are exact

Front 137

mutation

Back 137

change in gene or a chromosome

Front 138

nucleus

Back 138

largest cellular organelle, has DNA, directs all cell activities

Front 139

organelle

Back 139

specialized subdivision within a cell

Front 140

osmosis

Back 140

passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration

Front 141

phagocytosis

Back 141

engulfing of large particles through the plasma membrane

Front 142

plasma membrane

Back 142

outer covering of a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell; cell membrane

Front 143

ribosome

Back 143

small body in the cell cytoplasm that is a site of protein making

Front 144

RNA

Back 144

ribonucleic acid--substance needed for protein making in the cell

Front 145

cyt/o-

Back 145

cell

Hint 145

cytology

Front 146

micr/o

Back 146

small

Hint 146

microscope

Front 147

bi-

Back 147

two

Hint 147

bilayer

Front 148

chrom/o

Back 148

color

Hint 148

chromosome

Front 149

end/o

Back 149

in, within

Hint 149

endoplasmic

Front 150

lys/o

Back 150

loosening, dissolving, separating

Hint 150

lysosomes eat or dissolve material

Front 151

-some

Back 151

body

Hint 151

ribosome

Front 152

ex/o

Back 152

outside, out of, away

Hint 152

exocytosis

Front 153

hem/o

Back 153

blood

Hint 153

hemolysis

Front 154

hyper

Back 154

above, over

Hint 154

hypertonic

Front 155

hypo

Back 155

below, beneath

Hint 155

hypotonic

Front 156

iso

Back 156

same, equal

Hint 156

isotonic

Front 157

phag/o

Back 157

to eat, ingest

Hint 157

phagocytosis

Front 158

pin/o

Back 158

to drink

Hint 158

pinocytosis

Front 159

semi

Back 159

partial, half

Hint 159

semipermeable

Front 160

ana-

Back 160

upward, back, again

Hint 160

anaphase

Front 161

inter-

Back 161

between

Hint 161

interphase

Front 162

meta-

Back 162

change

Hint 162

metaphase

Front 163

pro-

Back 163

before, in front of

Hint 163

prophase

Front 164

tel/o-

Back 164

end

Hint 164

telophase

Front 165

carcin/o

Back 165

cancer, carcinoma

Hint 165

carcinogen

Front 166

-gen

Back 166

agent that produces or originates

Front 167

What is the metric unit used in microscope measurement?

Back 167

micromillimeter (mcg) or 1/1000th of a millimeter

Front 168

What is the permeability of the plasma membrane and how do substances move across it?

Back 168

It is a semipermeable membrane and substances move across by diffusion, osmosis, filtration and active transport.

Front 169

What is a ligand?

Back 169

bulk material like lipoproteins that are brought into a cell through endocytosis

Front 170

What is a double helix?

Back 170

formed by nucleotide pairings (A-T; G-C), makes up chromosomes, hereditary units that control cell activity; genes

Front 171

Where is energy from nutrients converted into ATP?

Back 171

Mitochondria

Front 172

Which cells must generate large amounts of ATP?

Back 172

Active cells such as muscle cells or sperm cells need lots of energy, so they contain alot of mitochondria.

Front 173

What is an aquaporin and its function?

Back 173

Its the transmembrane channel protein that enables water movement across the plasma membrane

Front 174

What are the types of RNA and their function?

Back 174

mRNA- messenger; transcribes DNA code in the nucleus

rRNA- ribosomal; makes up ribosomes, site of protein synthesis

tRNA- transfer; translates genetic code into protein with rRNA

Front 175

What acronym is used for the stages of mitosis?

Back 175

PMAT-prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

prophase is where chromosomes condense

metaphase is where they ine up across the center of the cell and attach to the spindle

anaphase- centromeres spit and idential chromosome move to opposite centrioles

telophase- pinching of membrane to for new identical cells

Front 176

What are some risk factors for cancer?

Back 176

heredity; chemicals; radiation; diet; viruses

Front 177

What cell populations would be considered a cancer?

Back 177

epithelial stem cells