Chapter 12 Vocanulary

Front 1

Urban Society

Back 1

A society that is typical of modern industrial civilization and mixed in cultural tradition, that emphasizes secular values, and that is individualized rather than integrated

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Secular

Back 2

A person who is not bound by religious rule; not belonging to a monastic or other order.

Front 3

Mercenaries

Back 3

A soldier hired to serve in a foreign army

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Dowry

Back 4

Property or money paid by a bride to give to her husband for marriage

Front 5

Italian Renaissance

Back 5

The earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century,

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Leonardo Da Vinci

Back 6

An Italian polymath, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer

Front 7

Milan

Back 7

A metropolis city in Italy's northern Lombardy region. An independent city state

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Venice

Back 8

The capital of northern Italy’s Veneto region, is built on more than 100 small islands in a marshy lagoon in the Adriatic Sea

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Florence

Back 9

The capital of Italy’s Tuscany region and birthplace of the Renaissance, is home to masterpieces of art and architecture.

Front 10

Francesco Sforza

Back 10

An Italian condottiero, the founder of the Sforza dynasty in Milan, Italy.

Front 11

Cosimo de Medici

Back 11

First of the Medici political dynasty, de facto rulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance

Front 12

Lorenzo de Medici

Back 12

An Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance

Front 13

Rome

Back 13

Italy’s capital

Front 14

Niccolo Machiavelli

Back 14

An Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance

Front 15

Humanism

Back 15

A belief popular during the Renaissance in that human needs and values are more important than religious beliefs, or the needs and desires of humans.

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Vernacular

Back 16

The native language of a country

Front 17

Fresco

Back 17

The art or technique of painting on a moist, plaster surface with colors ground up in water or a lime water mixture.

Front 18

Petrarch

Back 18

An Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists

Front 19

Dante

Back 19

A major Italian poet of the late Middle Ages. His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedìa and later called Divina by Boccaccio

Front 20

Chaucer

Back 20

The Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to be buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.

Front 21

Canterbury

Back 21

A historical English cathedral city

Front 22

Christine de Pizan

Back 22

Italian French late medieval author. She served as a court writer for several dukes and the French royal court during the reign of Charles VI

Front 23

Rapheal

Back 23

An Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.

Front 24

Michelangelo

Back 24

An Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.

Front 25

Flanders

Back 25

Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium. It is one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium

Front 26

Jan Van Eyck

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Early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges and one of the most significant Northern Renaissance artists of the 15th century

Front 27

Albrecht Durer

Back 27

German painter, printmaker, mathematician, and theorist born in Nuremberg

Front 28

Christian Humanism

Back 28

Emphasizes the humanity of Jesus, his social teachings and his propensity to synthesize human spirituality and materialism.

Front 29

Salvation

Back 29

Deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed by Christians to be brought about by faith in Christ.

Front 30

Indulgence

Back 30

(In the Roman Catholic Church) a grant by the pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for sins after absolution.

Front 31

Lutheranism

Back 31

A major branch of Protestant Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin Luther

Front 32

Martin Luther

Back 32

A German friar, ecclesiastical reformer, and theologian.

Front 33

Desiderius Erasmus

Back 33

A Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian

Front 34

Wittenburg

Back 34

A city in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, situated on the river Elbe

Front 35

Ninety-Five Theses

Back 35

A document written by Martin Luther in 1517, challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences.

Front 36

Edict of Worms

Back 36

A decree issued on 25 May 1521 by Emperor Charles V, saying: For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favour the said Martin Luther.

Front 37

Charles V

Back 37

Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I

Front 38

Behemia

Back 38

A region in the Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, it often refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in historical contexts: the Lands of the Bohemian Crown.

Front 39

Hungary

Back 39

A landlocked country in Central Europe. Its capital, Budapest, is bisected by the Danube River

Front 40

Peace of Augsburg

Back 40

Also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555

Front 41

Predestination

Back 41

(A doctrine in Christian theology) the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others

Front 42

Annul

Back 42

Declare invalid (an official agreement, decision, or result).

Front 43

Ulrich Zwingli

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1484–1531, Swiss Protestant reformer

Front 44

Zurich

Back 44

A city in Switerzland that lies at the north end of Lake Zurich in northern Switzerland, a global center for banking and finance

Front 45

John Calvin

Back 45

An influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation

Front 46

Geneva

Back 46

A city in Switzerland that lies at the southern tip of Lac Léman (Lake Geneva). Surrounded by the Alps and Jura mountains

Front 47

King Henry VIII

Back 47

King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France

Front 48

Ignatius of Loyola

Back 48

A Spanish knight from a noble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus

Front 49

Trent

Back 49

An historical city in Italy that was the location of the Council of Trent