Chapter 12: The Second War For Independence And The Upsurge Of Nationalism 1812 - 1824

Front 1

War of 1812

Back 1

-One of America's worst fought wars due to disunity
-Army was ill-trained and ill-prepared
-Fought against Canada and once the war with Napoleon was over, Britain invaded
-6,000 Americans wounded or killed
-Americans turn away from the Old World and face the task of building their democracy

Front 2

"Old Ironsides"

Back 2

-A poem written by Oliver Wendell Holmes
-Written to protect the USS Constitution from being destroyed
-Increased nationalism

Front 3

Battle of Erie Lake

Back 3

-Fought on Lake Erie
-9 US Navy Vessels defeated 6 British Navy Vessels
-Ensured American control of this lake
-Allowed Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of Thames

Front 4

Oliver Hazard Perry

Back 4

-Builds a fleet of green-timbered ships
-Manned by inexperienced men
-Managed to capture a British fleet
-Helped to bring more enthusiasm and increased morale for the war

Front 5

Battle of the Thames River

Back 5

-Decisive US victory
-Resulted in the death of the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh and the destruction of the Native American coalition which he led

Front 6

Thomas Macdonough

Back 6

-Commander of the American naval forces that defeated the British navy at the Battle of Lake Champlain
-Forced the British to retreat
-Helped lead to the end of the war

Front 7

Battle of Lake Champlain

Back 7

-10,000 British troops prepared for a blow to the Americans along the Lake Champlain route
-Thomas Macdonough and the American naval forces shut down the British
-This marked the last attack on the northern states

Front 8

Battle of Bladensberg

Back 8

-6,000 panicked militiamen fled
-Defeat of the American forces here allowed for the British to capture and burn the public buildings of Washington D.C.

Front 9

Fort McHenry

Back 9

-Another British fleet arrived to take over Baltimore, but they were beaten back by the privateer defenders here

Front 10

Battle of Baltimore

Back 10

-Sea and land battle
-Though the Americans retreated, the battle was successful in delaying action that inflicted heavy casualties on the British
-Halted the advance and allowed the defenders at Baltimore to properly prepare for an attack

Front 11

Francis Scott Key "The Star Spangled Banner"

Back 11

-Written after the attack at Fort McHenry
-Later became the national anthem
-Increased nationalism

Front 12

Andrew Jackson

Back 12

-Led a force of 7,000 to defeat 8,000 British that had fought in the Battle of New Orleans
-This slaughter was useless because the peace treaty had already been signed, but Jackson became a national hero

Front 13

Creek Nation

Back 13

-Nation of Native tribes
-Formed their own mini war during the War of 1812
-Shut down by Jackson

Front 14

Battle of New Orleans

Back 14

-Final major battle of the war
-Jackson and his forces prevented a British invasion from seizing New Orleans and the land acquired by the Louisiana Purchase

Front 15

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Back 15

-Signed December 24, 1814
-Both sides agreed to stop fighting and restore conquered territory
-More of an armistice - ended in a draw

Front 16

Hartford Convention

Back 16

-When it seemed that New Orleans was going to be captured, New England states met in secrecy to discuss their grievances and seek redress for their wrongs
-Resulted in:
-Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade
-An amendment requiring 2/3 majority for all declarations of embargoes, except during invasion

Front 17

Era of Good Feelings

Back 17

-1816 - 1824
-Monroe was president
-Good time - industrial revolution, economic security, democratic republicans got a lot done, culture booming
-Didn't last very long and problems soon arise

Front 18

Sectionalism

Back 18

-Big differences between North and South
-North - industrial
-South - agricultural, slavery and plantations

Front 19

James Monroe

Back 19

-5th President
-Easily beats federalists
-A lot of experience
-Promotes nationalism

Front 20

Nationalism: Cultural & Economic

Back 20

-Everyone is under same currency
-Railroads developing and allowing goods to be distributed
-People able to buy land in the west
-Writing, literature and music becoming popular

Front 21

Tariff of 1816

Back 21

-First tariff in American history instituted for protection, not revenue
-Put a 20 - 25 percent tariff on imports so England would pay a high price in order to intervene with American prices and factories

Front 22

Protective Tariff

Back 22

-Part of American system
-Money would help pay for canals and roads
-South did not like it because it increased tax
-North was ok with raising prices because they would still be cheap for them

Front 23

Henry Clay; American System

Back 23

-A strong national bank
-A protective tariff
-A network of roads and canals (funded by tariffs)
-Spread ideas and brought stability to economy

Front 24

Second Bank of the US

Back 24

-Part of the American system
-Industrial thinking, high tariffs, national currency
-Kept federalist views in mind
-Easy and abundant credit - people could now pay for land in the west
-People can now get loans

Front 25

Panic of 1819

Back 25

-Major cause was over speculation in frontier lands
-Other causes: division between north and south, division in politics, unemployment, foreign competition, inflation
-Debtor's prison, deflation, depression, bankruptcies, unemployment, soup kitchens
-Increased sectionalism, decreased nationalism

Front 26

John Marshall

Back 26

-Perhaps nation's greatest chief justice
-Served from 1801 - 1835
-Tried to help the power of the government
-Involved in many important court cases

Front 27

Fletcher v. Peck

Back 27

-Georgia fraudulently granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River County to privateers
-Marshall ruled that it was a contract, and that states couldn't impose on contracts
-Showed the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws

Front 28

McCullouch v. Maryland

Back 28

-Maryland was trying to destroy the Bank of the U.S. by taxing its currency notes
-Marshall invoked the Hamiltonian principle of implied powers and denied Maryland's right to tax the bank
-"Loose Construction" os established

Front 29

Cohens v. Virginia

Back 29

-Lottery tickets were being sold by the Cohens brothers which was a violation of Virginia state law but they argued that the U.S. Congress declared it legal
-Marshall declared that the lottery was a local matter and the Virginia government was right
-Supreme Court says it has the right to review state criminal proceedings

Front 30

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Back 30

-Dartmouth had been granted a charter by King George III in 1796, but democratic New Hampshire legislature wanted to fix the charter
-Charter was a contract and the Constitution protected contracts against state encroachments
-Marshall put the states firmly in their place when he ruled that the original charter must stand

Front 31

Gibbons v. Ogden

Back 31

-State of New York wanted to grant a private waterway strictly for commerce between NJ and NY
-Marshall said that the Constitution stated that Congress in control of interstate commerce
-Dictated the states rights and showed the sovereign powers of the federal government

Front 32

Implied Powers

Back 32

-Congress has the right to create and enforce laws which may not be specified in the Constitution

Front 33

Tallmadge Amendment

Back 33

-Stated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents
-South was extremely angry, and vetoed the amendment

Front 34

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Back 34

-Compromise between the pro and anti slavery forces
-Prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri

Front 35

Rush - Bagot Agreement (1817)

Back 35

-Naval agreement between America and Britain to limit naval ships on Canadian lakes
-Said to have ended the British - US naval race and said to be one of the first friendly agreements between the two countries

Front 36

Convention (Treaty) of 1818

Back 36

-American Treaty with Great Britain
-Gave Americans permission to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canadians
-Gave them more Northern limits of Louisiana along with 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods more west towards the Rocky Mountains
-The Oregon Country

Front 37

Andrew Jackson

Back 37

-Major military general
-Monroe administration commissioned Jackson to punish the Florida outlaws and pursue them into Spanish territory
-Jackson swept across Florida and seized two important Spanish ports while killing 2 Indian Chiefs and executing 2 British soldiers

Front 38

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Back 38

-Spain ceded Florida and some of their claims in Oregon in exchange to American abandonment in Texas; soon to become a part of Mexico

Front 39

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Back 39

-Stern warning to European powers for no colonization or intervention
-Stated that the era of American colonization was over
-Safeguarded American rights and brought some nationalism

Front 40

Cumberland Road

Back 40

-Road that ran from Western Maryland to Illinois
-Part of the Western boom and developments
-A road which provided transportation into the west and would eventually stimulate more trade and flow of goods from different parts of the U.S.

Front 41

Erie Canal

Back 41

-Completed by New York in 1825
-Opened up water transportation through New York and went from Buffalo to Albany