(Bl) Chapter 12: The Endocrine System

Front 1

How does the endocrine system control bodily functions?

Back 1

At a distance.

Front 2

Three Types of Cell Signalling Processes.

Back 2

1. Autocrine = Cell releases signal that affects the cell itself
2. Paracrine = Cell releases signal that affects nearby cells
3. Endocrine = Cell releases signal that affect cells at a distance

Front 3

Organs in the Body that have Endocrine Role (9)

Back 3

1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary
3. Testes
4. Ovaries
5. Pineal Gland
6. Kidneys
7. Gastrointestinal Glands
8. Heart
9. Thymus

Front 4

Cells with Endocrine function

Back 4

Islets of Langerhan

Front 5

What does it mean for something to have an Endocrine function?

Back 5

It means that this organ or cells have the capacity to create HORMONES that can signal cell in another part of the body to carry out a certain function

Front 6

Two Types of Hormones

Back 6

Peptide and Steroid

Front 7

Main organ controlling all Endocrine Function.

Back 7

Hypothalamus

Front 8

Hypothalamus: Control of the Pituitary

Back 8

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary through PARACRINE SIGNALING through the PORTAL SYSTEM that links the two

Front 9

Two components of the pituitary

Back 9

Posterior and Anterior

Front 10

Portal System Linking Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Back 10

The hypothalamus will release hormones into the HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM which will carry hormones which will bind to the ANTERIOR PITUITARY

Front 11

Alternative Name for pituitary

Back 11

Hypophysis

Front 12

Hormones Released by Hypothalamus: Hormones Signaled to Release by Pituitary

Back 12

1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) : Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
2. Growth hormone-releasing Hormone (GHRH): Growth Hormone (GH)
3. Prolactin Inhibitory Factor (PIF): Prolactin
4. Thyroid-releasing Hormone (TRH): Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
5. Corticotropin-releasing Factor (CRF): Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Front 13

Mnemonic For Pituitary Products

Back 13

FLAT PEG

Front 14

All hormones from the hypothalamus will increase levels of its corresponding pituitary hormone except for______.

Back 14

PIF-Prolactin

Front 15

Example of negative feedback inhibition

Back 15

Cortisol. High levels of cortisol will signal the hypothalamus to decrease production of CRH

Front 16

Connection between Hypothalamus and POSTERIOR PITUITARY

Back 16

Hypothalamus extends AXONS down to posterior pituitary where is releases two hormones.

Front 17

Two Hormone Signals Between Hypothalamus and the Posterior Pituitary

Back 17

Oxytocin and Anti-diruetic Hormone

Front 18

Anterior and Posterior Pituitary are ______ vis-a-vis function.

Back 18

Functionally Distinct

Front 19

Direct Hormone

Back 19

Hormones that act directly on cells to signal a cellular process

Front 20

Tropic Hormones

Back 20

Hormones that act on cells to release EFFECTOR HORMONES which carry out the ultimate process linked to the initial hormone

Front 21

Growth Hormone (2)

Back 21

1. Promotes Bone Growth
2. Prevents glucose uptake in non-growing tissues and stimulates the breakdown of fatty acids

Front 22

Excess of Growth Hormone during puberty before the sealing of the Epiphyseal plate.

Back 22

Gigantism

Front 23

Lack of Growth Hormone during puberty before the sealing of the Epiphyseal plate.

Back 23

Dwarfism

Front 24

Excess of Growth Hormone after puberty after the sealing of the Epiphyseal plate.

Back 24

This condition is known as ACROMEGALY. It affects the SMALL BONES of the body by increasing their size since the long bones are not affected by GH in adulthood. Affect feet, hands and head.

Front 25

Prolactin: Function

Back 25

Stimulates milk production in MAMORY GLANS

Front 26

Endorphins: Function

Back 26

Pain modulation. Will decrease the perception of pain

Front 27

Oxytocin: Function

Back 27

Stimuulate Uterine Contraction During Labor

Front 28

Detects changes in Blood Osmolatity

Back 28

Osmoreceptors

Front 29

Detects Changes in Blood Volume

Back 29

Baroreceptors

Front 30

Thyroid Control

Back 30

The thyroid is controlled by the Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Front 31

Thyroid: Function

Back 31

Setting basal metaboilic rate and calcium homestasis

Front 32

Hormones that Control Basal Metabolic Rate

Back 32

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Front 33

Hormones that Control Calcium Levels

Back 33

Calcitonin

Front 34

T4/T3

Back 34

T4 refers to Thyroxine and T3 refers to Triiodothyronine

Front 35

What do the 3 and 4 of T4 and T3 refer to.

Back 35

Number of iodine atoms attached

Front 36

Increased cellular respiration, energy production efficiency, and utilization of glucose are signs of________.

Back 36

increased levels of T4 and T3

Front 37

Hypothyroidism

Back 37

A condition where the body produces low levels of thyroid hormones. Results in weight gain, lethargy, decreased body temperature,

Front 38

Deficiency of thyroid hormone at birth.

Back 38

Cretinism. Marked mental retardation and developmental delay.

Front 39

Excess levels of thyroid hormone

Back 39

Hyperthyroidism

Front 40

Goiter

Back 40

A condition where the thyroid itself becomes larger than normal

Front 41

Three ways in which calcitonin decreases levels of plasma calcium levels.

Back 41

1. increase excretion from kidneys
2. Decrease absorption from gut
3. increase storage in bone

Front 42

Two type of cells in the Thyroid and they produce

Back 42

FOLLICULAR CELLS which produce thyroid hormones and C CELLS which produce Calcitonin

Front 43

Parathryroid Glands: Location

Back 43

Four pea shaped structures on the thyroid gland

Front 44

Parathyroid Hormone

Back 44

Reverses the effects of calcitonin and turns vitamin D into its active form

Front 45

Adrenal Glands: Location

Back 45

On top of the kidneys

Front 46

Where are steroid hormones derived from?

Back 46

Cholesterol

Front 47

Major Secretion of Adrenal Cortex

Back 47

Corticosteriods

Front 48

Three classes of Corticosteriods

Back 48

Glucocorticoids,
Mineralacorticoids, and
Cortical Sex Hormone
(Sugar, Salt, and Sex)

Front 49

Two Type of Glucocorticoids.

Back 49

Cortisol and Cortisone

Front 50

Major function of Glucocorticoids

Back 50

Raise glucose levels by stimulating Gluconeogenesis and decrease inflammation and immune response

Front 51

Major mineralcorticoid

Back 51

Aldosterone

Front 52

Aldosterone: Function

Back 52

1. Increase water and salt reabsorption and thus increase blood volume
2. Cause the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ion

Front 53

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Back 53

Blood volume decrease → Renin secretion → Renin cleave inactive ANGIOTENSINOGEN into the active ANGIOTENSIN I → Angiotensin I is converted into ANGIOTENSIN II

Front 54

Male Sex Hormone and Effect

Back 54

Androgens. Increasing androgens in women will increase masculine characteristics.

Front 55

Catecholamines

Back 55

Class of molecules which include EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRIN

Front 56

Adrenal Medulla

Back 56

Will secrete epinephrin and norepinephrin

Front 57

Three Types of Cells on the Islets of Langerhan: Function

Back 57

1. Alpha: Glucagon secretion
2. Beta: Insulin secretion
3. Delta: Somatostatin

Front 58

Glucagon: Function

Back 58

1. Secreted in times of famine
2. Stimulates the degradation of protein and fat
3. Converts glycogen into glucose
4. Functions antagonistically to insulin

Front 59

Insulin: Function

Back 59

1. Signals muscles and liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen
2. Stimulates fat and protein synthesis

Front 60

Hypoglycemia

Back 60

When insulin levels are HIGH blood glucose levels will be LOW since all of it will have been taken up by the liver and muscles and stored as glycogen.

Front 61

Hyperglycemia

Back 61

When insulin level are low, blood glucose levels will be high leading to DIABETES MELLITUS

Front 62

Two Symptoms of Diabetes

Back 62

Polyuria which is increased urination and polydipsia which is increased thirst

Front 63

Type I Diabetes

Back 63

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells. No insulin production.

Front 64

Type II Diabetes

Back 64

The body resists the effect of insulin

Front 65

Somatostatin

Back 65

Inhibitor of insulin and glucose.

Front 66

Follicle Stimulating Hormone Effect on Testes

Back 66

Stimulates Sertoli Cells

Front 67

Lutenizing Hormone Effect on Testes

Back 67

Causes cells to produce testosterone

Front 68

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Back 68

Genetic male has secondary female characteristics. Due to the fact that receptors for testosterone do not function properly.

Front 69

Four phases of the menstrual cycle

Back 69

1. Follicular Phase
2. Ovulation
3. Luteal Phase
4. Menstruation

Front 70

Note

Back 70

Make sure to go over all the phases of the menstrual cycle

Front 71

Pineal Gland

Back 71

Controls melatonin and the circadian rhythm

Front 72

Erythropoietin

Back 72

Secreted by the kidneys which stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells

Front 73

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Back 73

Peptide released by the heart to regulate salt and water levels

Front 74

Thymosin

Back 74

Released by the thymus and responsible for proper t cell production

Front 75

Three type of Hormone

Back 75

Peptide Hormones, Steriod Hormones, Amino Acid Derived Hormones

Front 76

Peptide Hormones

Back 76

-Derived from post transnational modification
-Charged so they need receptors to cross cell membrane
-FIRST MESSENGERS bind to receptors which signal SECONDARY RECEPTORS which is catalyzed by ADENYLATE CYCLASE.

Front 77

Steriod Hormone

Back 77

Polar, so they can cross the membrane much more easily. They affect mRNA and protein levels in the cell.

Front 78

Amino Acid Derivatives

Back 78

Ephinephrin and norepinephrin. Made of one or two amino acids and can act through first or secondary messengers.