Chapter 12: The Brain And Spinal Cord

Front 1

T/F The cerebral cortex is known as a hodgepodge of nonspecific areas.

Back 1

False. The Cerebral Cortex contains specific motor, sensory, and association areas.

Front 2

In what part of the brain is our conscious mind found?

Back 2

The cerebral cortex.

Front 3

What part of the brain helps us to be aware of ourselves, sensations, communicate, understand, and initiate voluntary movements?

Back 3

The Cerebral cortex.

Front 4

What part of the brain has no fiber tracts?

Back 4

The cerebral cortex.

Front 5

What are contralateral innervations?

Back 5

Means that the motor innervations of right hemisphere controls the left side of the body & left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.

Front 6

What is lateralization?

Back 6

The cerebral hemispheres (Gray matter) aren't equal in what they do in task. Each side is specific and specializes. Left side: logical-right handed-good at language skills-math-analysis. Rightside: insightful-rightbrained-lefthanded-artisitic-emotional-intuitive-free spirited.

Front 7

In regards to the Cerebrum, what does integration mean and what structure helps the 2 (gray) sides come together and work as a whole?

Back 7

All functional areas work together with the help of the white commissure fibers, the largest is corpus callosum. All areas have to work together, don't work alone, are constantly communicating w/each other.

Front 8

Name the 4 main motor areas of the Cerebral cortex and their involved subparts.

Back 8

1) Primary motor cortex (located in precentral gyrus), has pyramidal cells/tracts that control voluntary skeletal movements, homunculus shows these motor movements on left side. 2)Premotor cortex: anteriro to precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex, controls learned mortor skills of repetitive nature (typing), 3)Brocas area: antereior to premotor cortex, found in left hemis. only, controls motor speech, directs muscles involved w/ speech-tongue,lips. 4) Frontal eye field: anterior to premotor cortex & superior to Broca's area, controls voluntary movement of the eyes.

Front 9

Which lobes are in the sensory cortex?

Back 9

parietal, insula, temporal, occipital

Front 10

What are the 6 names of the sensory areas of the cortex?

Back 10

1) Primary somatosensory cortex: located in postcentral gyrus of parietal- has neruons that receive all input from somatic receptors(skin, muscles, joints, tendons) 2)Somato- sensory association area: posterior to the prim. somato sensory cortex, makes sense of info received in prim. somato sens. cortex. applies memory, 3) Visual Areas: found in occipital lobe, involves Primary visual cortex (receives info from retina), and visual association area (makes sense of what was seen-colors, faces...) 4) Auditory areas: located in superior area of temporal lobe, Involves primary auditory cortex (receives sound, interprets pitch, loudness, location...), and auditory association area (interprets received sounds from memory) 5) Olfactory cortex: on medial aspect of temporal lobe, no separate assoc. areas, but is 2in1, conscious awareness of certain odors, fed by olfactory tract, goes directly through diencephalon 6) Gustatory cortex: located in insula, involves taste, no sep. assoc. area,is 2in1, not as sophisticated, allows us to remember what we like to eat.

Front 11

What are association areas?

Back 11

They are where analysis takes place.

Front 12

What is the Anterior association area or prefrontal cortex?

Back 12

In the frontal lobes, most complex region, so massive (gives us our high forehead, involved w/intellect, cognition, personality, judgement , ability to form abstract ideas, and conscience, linked to limbic system (emotional brain), makes us human.

Front 13

What is the language area of the brain that is involved with speech production; movement of lips, verbalizing pre-planned words.

Back 13

Brocca's area located in left hemisphere.

Front 14

What is the language area of the brain that helps us sound out our words, and how to annunciate them-figures out and plans words, tells another language area what to do.

Back 14

Wernicke's area-located inpart of both temporal parietal lobes.

Front 15

What does the corresponding language area (to warnicke/ broccas in left) of the right hemisphere involve?

Back 15

Makes sense of nonverbal body language and tone, most primitive. Speech is a late evolutionary development.

Front 16

Which side of the brain is considered the general interpretation area?

Back 16

pertains to the whole left side. like a response funnel, input is received,condensed, and put into what we should do. Is linked to limbic system, why info is linked to emotion.

Front 17

How does information leave gray matter or how does communication between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers happen?

Back 17

By white myelinated fiber tracts. There are 3 types: classified by the direction they run. 1)commissures: connect gray matter of rt.&left hemispheres allowing them to function as a whole (most popular is corpus collosum 2) Association fibers: connect different parts of the same hemisphere. 3) Projection fibers: those that enter into either the brain or spinal cord or those that go out. Ties the cortex to the rest of the nervous system & to the body's receptors and effectors.

Front 18

What clustered cell bodies are found inside any white matter as islands of gray matter involved with areas of control?

Back 18

Basal nuclei or basal ganglia. Composed of: 1) caudate nucleus, 2) Putamen, 3) Globus pallidus.

Front 19

What makes up the lenticular nucleus?

Back 19

It is composed of the Putamen and Globus pallidus.

Front 20

What is the corpus striatum and what is it composed of?

Back 20

Controls fluidity of movement, inhibits unnecessary movements, responsible for starting or stopping movements, (arms swinging), malfunction leads to jerky movements. It is composed of the lentiform nucleus and the caudate nucleus.

Front 21

What is the diencephalon and the names of its components?

Back 21

The gray matter that encloses or surrounds 3rd ventricle: consists of 3 paired structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal body.

Front 22

Describe the thalamus.

Back 22

The gateway to the cerebral cortex, makes up 80% of the diencephalon, has lg# of nuclei (clusters of cell bodies that control different things), like a nerual funnel-routes or directs info (like a traffic cop)

Front 23

Describe the hypothalamus

Back 23

Below the thalamus. Filled with different nuclei, responsible for maintenance of homeostasis; keeps @ constant. Runs all glands, controls blood pressure, heart rate, pupil size, respiration, peristalsis, body temp, hunger. Called the boss of the autonomic NS (ANS) also controls bio clock-sleep cycle. Linked w/limbic system. explains why we are emotionally upset=tummy ache. Mammillary body is part of the hypothalimus-relays parts of the olfactory pathways. Optic chiasma, infundibulum and pituitary gland are all located around hypothalamus.

Front 24

What's another name for the epithalamus and what is its function?

Back 24

The epithalamus is the pineal body and is involved in sleep. Releases melatonin, shuts off wake center (RAS) to make you sleepy, regulates sleep/wake cycle. Note: as we age our pineal bodies calcify, don't produce melatonin, and we don't sleep as much.

Front 25

What are the names of the 3 mains parts to the Brain stem?

Back 25

Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata

Front 26

Describe the Midbrain

Back 26

Anterior side of brain: has 2 pillars called cerebral peduncles (white fiber tracts connecting cerebrum to brain stem), Posterior side: has corpora quadrigemina =superior colliculus (controls visual reflexes (involuntary), to follow moving objects;prim fight/flt structure), and inferior colliculus (controls reflex to sound-startle reflex, loud noise makes you jump, also invol.)