Chapter 12: Social Psychology

Front 1

social psychology

Back 1

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

Front 2

aggression

Back 2

Behavior whose purpose is to harm another

Front 3

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Back 3

A principle stating that animals aggress when their desires are frustrated

ex. the chimp wants the banana- desire

pelican about to take banana- frustration

chimp threatens pelican with fist- aggression

Front 4

social behavior

Back 4

how people interact with eachother

Front 5

social influence

Back 5

how people change each other

Front 6

social cognition

Back 6

how people think about each other

Front 7

violent crimes mostly participated in by young men

Back 7

-aggression linked to high levels of testosterone

Front 8

women aggress under psychological injury by spreading rumors

Back 8

--

Front 9

cooperation

Back 9

behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefits

Front 10

prisoner's dilemma game

Back 10

illustrates the fact, cooperation benefits everyone but only if everyone cooperates

Front 11

group

Back 11

a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

Front 12

prejudice

Back 12

is a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on the person's group membership

Front 13

discrimination

Back 13

positive or negative behavior toward another person based on the person's group membership

Front 14

benefits of being in a group

Back 14

to trust and cooperate

Front 15

common knowledge effect

Back 15

is the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

Front 16

group polarization

Back 16

the tendency for groups to make decisions that are ore extra than any member would have made alone

ex. we should renovate the auditorium to we should build a completely brand new high school

Front 17

groupthink

Back 17

the tendency for groups to reach nonsense in order to facilitate interpersonal harmoney

Front 18

deindividuation

Back 18

occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

ex. we wish we could grab rolex from jeweler's window or kiss attractive random stranger in public, in groups we tend to forget our individual values

Front 19

diffusion of responsibility

Back 19

refers to the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others ho are acting the same way.

Front 20

bystander intervention

Back 20

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

Front 21

people are less likely to help a person in distress when there are other bystanders present

Back 21

proof of the bystander intervention

Front 22

altruism

Back 22

is behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself

ex. donating food to homeless, giving blood, and volunteering

Front 23

kin selection

Back 23

is the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

ex. ground squirrel warns other ground squirrels when predator is near

Front 24

reciprocal altruism

Back 24

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

ex. kristina says i smoke you up now, just return the favor in the future

Front 25

selectivity

Back 25

women tends to be more selective then men in choosing a mate, men will take any attractive women to bed, women won't

ex. this could be due to basic biology

Front 26

attraction

Back 26

caused by 1) situational 2) physical 3) psychological factors

Front 27

mere exposure effect

Back 27

is the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

"familiarity breeds contempt"

Front 28

passionate love

Back 28

an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

Front 29

companionate love

Back 29

experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partners well-being

Front 30

passionate love begins quick and peaks, companionate love is what keeps people together and never stops growing

Back 30

--

Front 31

social exchange

Back 31

the hypotheses that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ration of costs to benefits

Front 32

social influence

Back 32

the control of one person's behavior by another

Front 33

human beings have 3 basic motivations

Back 33

1)approval motive, 2) hedonic motive, 3) accuracy motive

Front 34

the hedonic motive

Back 34

to experience pleasure and to avoid experiencing pain

Front 35

approval motive

Back 35

to be accepted and to avoid being rejected

Front 36

accuracy motive

Back 36

to believe what is right and to avoid believing what is wrong

Front 37

norms

Back 37

customary standards for behavior that re widely shared by members of a culture

Front 38

norm of reciprocitiy

Back 38

the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them

Front 39

normative influence

Back 39

phenomenon that occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate

Front 40

conformitiy

Back 40

is the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

Front 41

obedience

Back 41

the tendency to do what authorities tell us to do

Front 42

actions rely on both:

Back 42

attitude and belief

Front 43

attitude

Back 43

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

Front 44

belief

Back 44

an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event

Front 45

attitudes tell us what we should do, beliefs tell us how to do it

Back 45

--

Front 46

informational influence

Back 46

phenomenon that occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is true

ex. stare at a tall building in middle of sidewalk and others will stop and stare at it to thinking because if you are doing it it might as well be something worth staring at

Front 47

informational influence

Back 47

we are targeted by this with sales people and advertisement, because other people are doing this you should too

Front 48

persuasion

Back 48

phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another persn

Front 49

systematic persuasion

Back 49

refers to the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

Front 50

heuristic persuasion

Back 50

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

Front 51

systematic strength of argument

Back 51

heuristically persuaded influenced by status of speaker

Front 52

foot in the door technique

Back 52

a social influence technique that involves making a small request before making a large request

Front 53

cognitive dissonance

Back 53

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs

Front 54

social cognition

Back 54

proceses by which people come to understand others

Front 55

sterotyping

Back 55

the process by which people draw inferences about people based on their knowledge of the categories to which those people belong

Front 56

stereotypes can be:

Back 56

1)inaccurate

2) overused

3) self perpertuating

4) unconscious and automatic

Front 57

perceptual confirmation

Back 57

the tendency for people to see what they expect to see

Front 58

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 58

tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behaev

Front 59

attribution

Back 59

an inference about the cause of a person's behavior

Front 60

correspondence bias

Back 60

the tendency to make dispositional attributions instead of situation attributions

Front 61

situational attribution

Back 61

when we decide that a person's behavior was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation in which it occured

Front 62

dispositional attribution

Back 62

when we decided that a person's behaviors was caused by a relatively enduring tendency to think feel or act in a particular way

Front 63

actor observer effect

Back 63

tendency to make situation attributions for our own behavior while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviors of others