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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Personality |
An individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that are relatively stable over time and across different situations |
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Personality theories
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- Trait theories
- Humanistic approach - Psychodynamic theory - Eclectic |
3 theories and a 4th
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Trait Theories |
Describes personality in terms of groups of specific traits. Emphasises different traits as being influential in development of personality |
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Humanistic Approach |
Personality develops as we strive to overcome hurdles we confront in our attempts to reach our full potential |
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Psychodynamic Theory |
Personality develops from conflicts between an individual's basic instinctive needs and the demands of the outside world. Emphasises the importance of unconscious thought processes and early childhood in personality development |
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Eclectic |
A mixture of all three approches |
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Levels of Consciousness
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- Conscious level
- Pre-conscious level - Unconscious level |
3 levels
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Conscious Level |
Current thoughts, feeling and sensations |
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Pre-conscious Level |
Thoughts, feelings and experiences from the recent past |
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Unconscious Level |
Embarrassing fears, traumatic events, unfulfilled/unacceptable wishes or desires, emotionally harmful thoughts, impulses |
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Structure of Personality
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- Id
- Ego - Superego |
3 parts
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Id |
(Pleasure principle) Impulsive, selfish, seeks immediate satisfaction |
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Ego |
(Reality principle) Works to logically meet the needs of both the superego and the id |
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Superego |
(Moral principle) Aims for perfection and feels guilty when the wrong thing is done |
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Psychosexual Stages |
- Oral Stage - Anal Stage - Phallic Stage - Latency Stage - Genital Stage |
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Oral Stage |
Between the ages of 0-2. Focus on the mouth (chewing, teething, feeding) |
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Oral Fixation |
If teething/feeding experience is too frustrating or too pleasurable, a person may become aggressive, passive, a pen chewer, or a smoker |
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Anal Stage |
Between the ages of 2-3. Focus on the anus and toileting (learning to poo in the toilet) |
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Anal Fixation |
If toilet training is too harsh, too pleasurable, or begins to early or late, a person may become anal-retentive or anal-expulsive |
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Anal-Retentive |
Clean, orderly, stubborn, stingy |
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Anal-Expulsive |
Cruel, destructive, messy |
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Phallic Stage |
Between the ages of 4-5. Focus on the sex organs. |
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Oedipus/Electra Complex |
When a child is attracted to one parent and has negative feelings (jealousy) towards the other. |
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Phallic Fixation |
If Oedipus/Electra complex is not resolved, it could result in future relationship problems |
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Latency Stage |
From the age of 6-puberty. Focus away from bodily zones and pleasure seeking. More interested in forming close same sex relationships |
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Genital Stage |
From puberty to early adulthood. Focus on the genitals. |
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Slips of the Tongue |
Unintentional remarks which display hidden desires, thoughts, and anxieties. They are an insight to the unconscious mind |
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Strengths of the Psychodynamic Theory
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- Shows how personality develops
- People agree that adult personality is strongly influenced by early experiences - Some agree that the psychosexual stages affect adult personality - People agree that there are unconscious mental processes |
4 strengths
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Limitations of the Psychodynamic Theory
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- Most people disagree that personality develops sequentially with stages and ages
- Lacks evidence or research - Based research on his family and patients - Didn't pay attention to the importance of social interactions or socio-cultural influences on a person's personality |
4 limitations
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Accepted Theory about Nature/Nurture |
Both genes and environment affect the nature and development of all psychological abilities and characteristics. It is believed that we are born with a predisposition for certain traits and then our environment affects whether or not we adopt those traits |
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Longitudinal Studies |
Measuring personality at different times of a persons life (If personality is consistent, genes are more influential) |
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Twin Studies |
Comparing identical twins/fraternal twins who were/weren't reared apart (If separated identical twins have similar personality, genes are more influential) |
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Adoption Studies |
Comparing adopted children to their biological/adopted parents (If the child's personality is like it's real parents, genes are more influential) |
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Birth Order |
Depending on when a person is born in relation to the their siblings, they may have different personality charactersics |
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First Borns |
Conscientious, cautious, responsible, intelligent, successful, protective, competitive, jealous, ambitious, conservative |
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Later Borns |
Diplomatic, good at negotiating/compromising, sociable, spoilt, charming, funny, 'show-off', open to ideas |
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Only Children |
Like first borns, confident, few close friends, slef-reliant, independent, ambitious, perfectionist, organised, reliable, intelligent |
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