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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CNS
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Central nervous system
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3 basic regions of cerebral hemispheres
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cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei
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3 functional areas for cerebral cortex
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Motor areas- control voluntary movement
Sensory areas- concentrated with conscious awareness of sensation, the sensory area of the cortex Association area- receives inputs from multiple senses and send outputs to multiple areas |
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damage to areas of primary motor cortex (stroke)
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paralyzes the body muscles controlled by those areas only voluntary control is lost, if right side of brain has lesion then left side of body is effected
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damage to premotor cortex
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loss of motor skills programmed to that region
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damage to primary visual cortex
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functional blindness
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damage to visual association area
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can see things but do not understand what they are looking at
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function of association area
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anterior association area, posterior association area, limbic association area. responsible for understanding what we are looking at and interrupting it
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lateralization
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division of labor, each hemisphere has abilities not completely shared with the other side
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cerebral white matter is responsible for
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communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and the lower CNS centers
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basal nuclei function
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control of posture and voluntary movement
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3 structures of diencephalon
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Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
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function of thalamus
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all senses and all parts of the body converge here, memory, direct activity of motor cortices
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function of hypothalamus
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controls autonomic nervous system, initiate physical responses to emotion, regulate body temp, regulate food intake, regulate water balance and thrust, regulate sleep-wake cycle, control endocrine system function
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function of epithalamus
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helps regulate sleep-wake cycle, secretes hormone melatonin
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hypothalamic disorders
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severe body waste, obesity, sleep disturbances, dehydration, emotional imblances
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brain stem
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pons
medulla oblongata mid brain |
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decussation of the pyramids
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above the medulla spinal cord junction most of the fibers cross over to the opposite side before continuing into the spinal cord
Importance- each cerebral hemisphere chiefly controls the voluntary movements of muscles on th opposite side of the body |
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cerebellum function
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provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for smooth coordinated movements and agility needed for our daily living
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functional brain system
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limbic- emotions
RAS- keeps cortex alert and keeps sending impulses to the cerebral cortex |
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injury to RAS
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coma
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brain waves
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patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded
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EEGs diagnose what
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epilepsy and sleep disorders
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flat EEG
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brain dead
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Epilepsy
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loss of consciousness, fall stiffly to the ground, uncontrollable jerking
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types of seizures
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absence- expression goes black for a few seconds
Tonic (clonic)- loss of consciousness, often broke bones, super strength of muscle contractions, loss of bowel and bladder, severe tongue biting |
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aura
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sensory hallucination, such as taste, smell or flashes of light just before seizures begin
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treatment
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anticonvulsive drugs
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what to do as an athletic trainer when someone is having a seizure
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move anything dangerous out of the way and wait for them to finish then call an ambulance
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fainting or syncope
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caused by inadequate cerebral blood flow due to low blood pressure
characteristics- brief loss of consciousness |
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coma
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significant unresponsiveness to sensory stimuli for an extending period
Causes- blow to head, tumors, low blood sugar levels, drug overdose, liver or kidney failure |
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narcolepsy
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go from being awake to REM sleep for about 15 minutes, triggered by a pleasurable event
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insomnia
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chronic inability to obtain the amount of quality sleep needed to function during the day
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sleep apnea
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temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, victim wakes up abruptly due to loss of oxygen
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3 principles of memory
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association, imagination and location
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2 stages of memory
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short term memory and long term memory
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factors that affect memory
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emotional state, rehearsal, association and automatic memory
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anterograde amnesia
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consolidated memory are not lost but new sensory inputs cannot be associated with old, and the person lives in the here and now, if you have a conversation with the person then walk away and come back they will not remember what you just told them
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retrograde amnesia
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loss of memories formed in the distant past
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brain is protected by
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bone, meninges, blood brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid
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layers of meninges and function
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dura mater- strongest menix, 2 sub layers (periosteal and meningeal)
arachnoid mater- forms a loose brain covering pia mater- composed of delicate connective tissue and richly invested with tiny blood vessels |
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function of meninges
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cover and protect CNS
protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses contain cerebrospinal fluid form partitions in the skull |
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meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges, serious threat to brain because a bacterial or viral may spread to CNS, diagnoses is fluid sample from lumbar tap
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encephalitis
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brain inflammation
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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found in and around the brain and spinal cord, forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to CNS structures
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function of CSF
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reduces brain weight and prevents the delicate brain from crushing under its own weight. also protects the brain and spinal cord from blows and other trauma
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halo test
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fold gauze in a triangle. take a sample of fluid coming from the nose, wait until the fluid is dry then open up the gauze if there is a yellow halo around the fluid then it is CSF
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choroid plexus
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structure that secretes cerebral spinal fluid
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hydrocephalus
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"fluid in the brain", if something is blocking the circulation or drainage
characteristics- the head enlarges in babies, in adults it damages the brain and blood vessels and crushes soft nervous tissue Treatment- insert shunt into ventricles to drain excess fluid in abdominal cavity |
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function of blood brain barrier
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protects mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain
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areas that lack blood brain barrier
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vomiting center and hypothalamus because it allows these centers to sample the chemical composition of the blood
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causes of traumatic brain injuries
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blow to the head
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coup injury
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damage is not only caused by localized injury at the site of the blow
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countercoup injury
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damage is also done by ricocheting effect as the brain hits the opposite end of the skull
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concussion
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alteration in brain function usually temporary following a blow to the head
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words to know
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dizzy, loss of consciousness (L.O.C), Tinnitus (ringing in the ear), Diplopia (double vision), nystagmus (involuntary eye movement, PEARL (pupils equal and reactive to light
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rhombergs
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feet hip length apart, arms up and at sides.
(if person starts swaying stop) have them stand on one leg, tilt their head back then close their eyes. have them touch their nose with both pointer fingers one at a time then repeat standing on other leg |
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Tandem walking
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walk a few yards ahead, heel to toe, head up slightly looking straight forward then backwards
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cortical contusion
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individual with bruise on their brain but remains conscious
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subdural hemorrhage
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bleeding from ruptured vessels into those spaces
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cerebral edema
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swelling of the brain after traumatic brain injury
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