Chapter 12 Notecards

Front 1

Louis Blanc

Back 1

"social" republican, notable and took control following the February Revolution

Front 2

General Cavaignac

Back 2

took control on teh eve of and during the June Days of violence, imposing martial law on Paris

Front 3

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Back 3

nephew of Napoleon, elected as president

Front 4

national workshops

Back 4

massive infrastructure projects intended to employ the unemployed skilled and unskilled workers, put forth by Louis Blanc

Front 5

June Days

Back 5

time period in which a violent class war ensued in Paris, where civilians and soldiers battled in the streets

Front 6

Falloux Law

Back 6

put all schools of all levels of education under supervision of the Catholic clergy

Front 7

March Days

Back 7

Period in 1848 in which the Austrian Empire had fallen into its main components, Prussia had yielded to revolutionaries, all Germany was preparing to unify itself, and war raged in Italy

Front 8

Kossuth

Back 8

Leader of the radical party in the Hungarian diet who helped inspire insurrection

Front 9

Jellachich

Back 9

The provincial governor of Croatia who raised a civil war in Hungary. leading of a force of Serb-Croats supported by the whole non-Magyar half of the population

Front 10

Mazzini

Back 10

Assisted in the republican upheaval in Italy

Front 11

counter-revolution

Back 11

The movements by the old governments to restore their power as it was before the revolutions of 1848

Front 12

reactionaries

Back 12

Those who tried to get rid of the revolutionaries or liberals

Front 13

the Syllabus of Errors

Back 13

Put forth by Pius IX, warned all Catholics, on the authority of the Vatican, against everything that went under the names of liberalism, progress, and modern civilization.

Front 14

the Bach system

Back 14

Policy in Austria to oppose all forms of popular self expression with a more candid reliance on military force

Front 15

Frederick William IV

Back 15

Leader of Prussia determined to preserve his authority and power and to keep from sharing it with his subjects

Front 16

Frankfurt Assembly

Back 16

Assembly that met to discuss and try to bring about the unification of a German state, which would be liberal, self-governing, federally unified, and "democratic" though not egalitarian Germany

Front 17

Zollverein

Back 17

Prussian tariff union which, although originally consisted entirely within Prussia, would later extend to to include almost all Germany

Front 18

Great Germans

Back 18

Most members of the Assembly; they thought that Germany for which they were writing a constitution should include the Austrian lands, except Hungary, and therefore that the federal crown be offered to the Habsburgs

Front 19

Little Germans

Back 19

At first a minority in the Assembly; they thought that Austria should be excluded and that the new Germany should comprise the smaller states and the entire kingdom of Prussia, and therefore the king of Prussia would become the federal emperor

Front 20

Declaration of the Rights of the German People

Back 20

Put forth by the Frankfurt Assembly, it was a humane and high-minded document, announcing numerous individual rights, civil liberties, and constitutional guarantees.

Front 21

Zola

Back 21

French romantic writer

Front 22

Auguste Comte

Back 22

French philospher who began positivism and the new attitude

Front 23

Marx

Back 23

German philospher, who, disappointed by the failed revolutions of 1848, was associated and worked in the Communist League

Front 24

Engels

Back 24

German who worked with Marx and helped to publish the Communist Manifesto

Front 25

realism

Back 25

Referred to the new style in art and literature, breaking away from romanticism, which they said colored things out of all relation to the real facts

Front 26

materialism

Back 26

Held that everything mental, spiritual, or ideal was an outgrowth of physical or physiological forces

Front 27

positivism

Back 27

Promulgated by Auguste Comte, who created sociology, which would employ this new way of thought; building upon observation of actual "positive" facts to develop braod scientific laws of progress

Front 28

sociology

Back 28

Created by Comte, it was the study of society and was highest upon on his classification of the sciences

Front 29

Realpolitik

Back 29

"politics of reality;" meant that governments should not be guided by ideology, or by any particular view of the world; but that they should follow their own practical or strategic interests

Front 30

Marxism

Back 30

Built off and was a combination of German philosophy, French revolutionism, and the British Industrial Revolution

Front 31

dialectical materialism

Back 31

Belief that all history, and indeed all reality, is a process of development through time, a single and meaningful unfolding of events in a clear historical direction

Front 32

alienation of workers

Back 32

A social experience and state of mind produced when human beings in the historic process of mechanization become estranged from the objects on which they work

Front 33

proletarian

Back 33

The average working man or woman

Front 34

Baron Haussmann

Back 34

Rebuilt Paris into its modern form

Front 35

authoritarianism

Back 35

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator

Front 36

investment banking

Back 36

business specialized in the formation of capital

Front 37

Credit Mobilier

Back 37

Established by Napoleon III to generate capital for industrial investment

Front 38

limited liability

Back 38

the liability of a firm's owners for no more than the capital they have invested in the firm