Chapter 12 Micro Exam

Front 1

alternative pathway

Back 1

Pathway of complement activation that is not initiated by a specific antigen-antibody complex.

Front 2

amplification

Back 2

Stage of a cascade reaction where the intensity of the response increases as the reaction continues.

Front 3

blood cells

Back 3

Cellular components of the blood consisting of red blood cells, primarily responsible for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and white blood cells, primarily responsible for host defense and immune reactions.

Front 4

bloodstream

Back 4

Circulatory system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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calor

Back 5

Cardinal sign of inflammation; heat produced during an inflammatory response.

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cascade

Back 6

Set of reactions in which the first reaction is required for the second reaction to start, and the second reaction is required for the third reaction, and so on. Generally, these reactions include both initation and amplification steps.

Front 7

cascade reaction

Back 7

Reaction that involves multiple steps that increases in intensity at each step.

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chemotaxis

Back 8

The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli).

Front 9

classical pathway

Back 9

Pathway of complement activation initiated by a specific antigen-antibody interaction.

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complement

Back 10

serum protein components that act in a definite sequence when set in motion either by an antigen-antibody complex or by factors of the alternative (properdin) pathway.

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cytokine

Back 11

Regulatory chemicals released by cells of the immune system that serve as signals between different cells.

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desquamate

Back 12

To shed the cuticle in scales; to peel off the outer layer of a surface, especially skin.

Front 13

differentiate

Back 13

Process by which cells mature or change.

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dolor

Back 14

Cardinal sign of inflammation; pain.

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endogenous

Back 15

Originating or produced within an organism, or one of its parts.

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exogenous

Back 16

Originating outside the body.

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extracellular fluid

Back 17

Fluid surrounding cells in tissues.

Front 18

first line of defense

Back 18

Any barrier that blocks invasion at a pathogen’s portal of entry.

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gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Back 19

A collection of lymphoid tissue in the gastrointestinal tract that includes the appendix, the lacteals, and Peyer’s patches.

Front 20

hematopoiesis

Back 20

The process by which the various types of blood cells are formed, such as in the bone marrow.

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histiocyte

Back 21

Another term for macrophage.

Front 22

immunity

Back 22

An acquired resistance to an infectious agent due to prior contact with that agent.

Front 23

immunology

Back 23

The study of body system defenses that protect against infection.

Front 24

initiation

Back 24

First or starting steps of a cascade reaction.

Front 25

interferon (IFN)

Back 25

Natural human chemical that inhibits viral replication; used therapeutically to combat viral infections and cancer.

Front 26

interferon gamma

Back 26

A protein produced by a virally infected cell that induces production of antiviral substances in neighboring cells. This defense prevents the production and maturation of viruses and, thus, terminates the viral infection.

Front 27

leukocytes

Back 27

White blood cells. The primary infection-fighting blood cells.

Front 28

lymphatic system

Back 28

A system of vessels and organs that serve as sites for development of immune cells and immune reactions. It includes the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT.

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lymphocyte

Back 29

The second most common form of white blood cells.

Front 30

lysozyme

Back 30

An enzyme found in sweat, tears, and saliva that breaks down bacterial peptidoglycan.

Front 31

marker

Back 31

Any trait or factor of a cell, virus, or molecule that makes it distinct and recognizable. Example: a genetic marker.

Front 32

membrane attack complex

Back 32

One of the last steps of the complement cascade, consisting of C5-9 embedded in the membrane of the target.

Front 33

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Back 33

Molecules on the surfaces of many types of microbes that are not present on host cells that mark the microbes as foreign; PAMPs.

Front 34

pattern recognition receptors

Back 34

Molecules on the surface of host defense cells that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns on microbes; PRRs.

Front 35

Peyer’s patches

Back 35

Oblong lymphoid aggregates of the gut located chiefly in the wall of the terminal and small intestine. Along with the tonsils and appendix, Peyer’s patches make up the gut-associated lymphoid tissue that responds to local invasion by infectious agents.

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phagocyte

Back 36

A class of white blood cells capable of engulfing other cells and particles.

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plasma

Back 37

The carrier fluid element of blood.

Front 38

polymerization

Back 38

An enzyme that produces polymers through catalyzing bond formation between building blocks.

Front 39

professional phagocytes

Back 39

Cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells that phagocytose or “eat” invading microbes.

Front 40

pus

Back 40

The viscous, opaque, usually yellowish matter formed by an inflammatory infection. It consists of serum exudate, tissue debris, leukocytes, and microorganisms.

Front 41

pyogenic

Back 41

Pertains to pus formers, especially the pyogenic cocci: pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci, and neisseriae.

Front 42

reticuloendothelial system

Back 42

Also known as the mononuclear phagocyte system, it pertains to a network of fibers and phagocytic cells (macrophages) that permeates the tissues of all organs. Examples: Kupffer cells in liver sinusoids, alveolar phagocytes in the lung, microglia in nervous tissue.

Front 43

rubor

Back 43

Cardinal sign of inflammation; redness or flushing of an affected area.

Front 44

second line of defense

Back 44

A system of protective cells and fluids that includes inflammation and phagocytosis. It acts rapidly at both the local and systemic levels once the first line of defense has been circumvented.

Front 45

siderophores

Back 45

Low-molecular-weight molecules produced by many microorganisms that can bind iron very tightly and make it available to the microbe.

Front 46

stem cells

Back 46

Pluripotent, undifferentiated cells.

Front 47

third line of defense

Back 47

A method of defense that is acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by white blood cells called lymphocytes.

Front 48

thymus

Back 48

Butterfly-shaped organ near the tip of the sternum that is the site of T-cell maturation.

Front 49

tumor

Back 49

Cardinal sign of inflammation; swelling of an affected area.

Front 50

whole blood

Back 50

A liquid connective tissue consisting of blood cells suspended in plasma.