Chapter 12 Lymphatic System

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lymphatic system

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consists of two semi-indemendent parts: a meandering network of lymphatic vessels and various lymphoid tissues and organs scattered throughout the body

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lymphatic vessels

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pick up excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream

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lymph

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excess tissue fluid (lymph = clear water)

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right lymphatic duct

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drains the lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax. empties into the subclavian vein

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thoracic duct

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receives lymph from the rest of the body. empties into the subclavian vein

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lymph nodes

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help protect the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria and tumor cells from the lymphatic stream and by producing lymphocytes that function in the immune response

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lymphoid organs

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lymph nodes,l slpeen, thymus gland, tonsils, and peyer's patches of the intenstine. Predominance of reticular connective tissue and lymphocytes

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spleen

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blood-rich organ that filters blood. located in the left side of the abdominal cavity

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thymus

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functions at peak levels only during youth. found low in the throat overlying the heart. Produces hormones that function in the programming of certain lymphocytes

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tonsils

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small masses of lymphatic tissue that ring the pharynx in the mucosa. Trap and remove bacteria or foreign pathogens entering the throat

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peyer's patches

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found in the wall of the small intestine. Captures and destroys bacteria to prevent them from penetrating the intestinal wall

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mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

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small lymphoid tissues. Acts as a sentinel to protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from the attacks of foreign matter entering those cavities

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nonspecific defense system

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responds immediately to protect the body from all foreign substances. skin and mucous membranes, inflammatory response, and proteins produced by body cells

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specific defense system (immune system)

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mounts the attack against particular foreign substances. functional system. most important of immune cells are lymphocytes and macrophages

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immunity

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highly specific resistance to disease

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pathogens

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harmful or disease-causing microorganisms

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phagocytes

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engulfs pathogens that make it through the mechanical barriers.

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natural killer cells (NK cells)

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unique group of defensive cells that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the immune system is activated

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inflammatory response

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triggered whenever body tissues are injured. nonspecific response.

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chemotaxis

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when cells are injured and release inflammatory chemicals

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pus

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a mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken-down tissue cells, and living and dead pathogens

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complement

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a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state. When it becomes fixed to foreign cells, it's activated and becomes a major factor in the fight against the foreign cell

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complement fixation

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occurs when complement proteins bind to certain sugars or proteins on the foreign cell's surface

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interferons

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small proteins that are secreted by virus-infected cells as an attempt to defend cells that have not been infected yet

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fever

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abnormally high body temperature. systemic response to invading microorganisms

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pyrogens

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chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign cells or substances in the body

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immune response

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the immune system's response to a threat. Tremendously increases the inflammatory response

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antigen

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any substance capable of exciting our immune system and provoking an immune response

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self-antigens

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do not trigger an immune response in us. They are strongly antigenic to other people

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humoral immunity

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provided by antimodies present in the body's fluids

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acid mantle

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skin secretions make epidermal surface acidic which inhibits bacterial growth

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keratin

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provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes

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mucus

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traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts

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nasal hairs

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filter and trap microorganisms in nasal passages

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cilia

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propel debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages

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gastric juice

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contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens in stomach

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lacrimal secretion

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continuously lubricate and cleanse eyes and oral cavity; contain lysozyme

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B Cells

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produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity

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T cells

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non-antibody-producing lymphocytes that constitute the cell-mediated arm of immunity

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immunocompetent

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capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it

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macrophages

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widely distributed throughout the lymphoid organs and connective tissues. arise from monocytes formed in the bone marrow. engulf foreign particles

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clone

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the resulting family of identical cells descended from the same ancestor cell

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memory cells

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B cell. Capable of responding to the same antigen at later meetings with it

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secondary responses

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later immune responses. much faster, more prolonged, and more effective

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active immunity

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naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections and artificially acquired when we receive vaccines

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passive immunity

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antibodies are obtained from the serum of an immune human or animal donor

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monoclonal antibodies

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produced by descendants of a single cell and are pure antibody preparations that exhibit specificity for one and only one antigen

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antibodies

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constitute the gamma globulin part of blood proteins. soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen

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antigen-binding site

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uniquely shaped to fit its specific antigen

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neutralization

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occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury

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macrophages

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widely distributed throughout the lymphoid organs and connective tissues. arise from monocytes formed in the bone marrow. engulf foreign particles