Chapter 12 Heart And Blood Vessels

Front 1

Blood vessels carrying blood from the heart to capillaries in body tissues

Back 1

Arteries

Front 2

A heart chamber that receives blood returned to the heart by veins

Back 2

Atrium

Front 3

Tiny blood vessels in tissue where exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells occurs

Back 3

Capillaries

Front 4

The relaxation phase of the heart cycle

Back 4

Diastole

Front 5

The thick layer of cardiac muscle in the wall of the heart

Back 5

Myocardium

Front 6

The membranous sac enclosing the heart

Back 6

Pericardium

Front 7

Transport of blood to and from the lungs

Back 7

Pulmonary circuit

Front 8

Transport of blood to and from all parts of the body except the lungs.

Back 8

Systematic circuit

Front 9

The contraction phase of the heart cycle

Back 9

Systole

Front 10

A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels.

Back 10

Vasoconstriction

Front 11

An increase in the diameter of blood vessels.

Back 11

Vasodilation

Front 12

Blood vessels carrying blood from capillaries in body tissues toward the heart.

Back 12

Veins

Front 13

A heart chamber that pumps blood into an artery.

Back 13

Ventricle

Front 14

Heart Location

Back 14

Within the Mediastinum in the Thoracic Cavity

Front 15

The heart and the bases of the attached blood vessels are enveloped by membranes that are collectively called ______.

Back 15

Pericardium

Front 16

The pericardium is composed of an outer, loosely fitting sac that is formed of two layers...

Back 16

An outer Fibrous Pericardium and an inner Parietal Pericardium.

Front 17

The parietal and visceral pericardia are _______ membranes, and they secrete _______ fluid into the pericardial cavity.

Back 17

Serous

Front 18

The thin membrane that is firmly attached to the exterior surface of the myocardium.

Back 18

Epicardium

Front 19

The internal surface of the myocardium is covered with a single layer of squamous epithelium called

Back 19

Endocardium

Front 20

Veins carrying blood _____ the heart ; as Arteries carry blood _____ from the heart.

Back 20

towards; away

Front 21

Right Atrium

Back 21

Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes this blood through the tricuspid A- V valve to the right ventricle

Front 22

Right Ventricle

Back 22

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps this blood through the pulmonary semilu-nar valve into the pulmonary trunk

Front 23

Left Atrium

Back 23

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and passes this blood through the bicuspid A- V valve to the left ventricle

Front 24

Left Ventricle

Back 24

Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps this blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta

Front 25

The two types of heart valves are..

Back 25

atrioventricular (A-V) valves and semilunar valves.

Front 26

The A-V valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the ______.

Back 26

Tricuspid Valve

Front 27

The A-V valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is the _______.

Back 27

Bicuspid Valve (Mitral valve)

Front 28

What is the valve located in the bases of the large arteries that carry blood from the ventricles.

Back 28

Semilunar Valves

Front 29

The valve that is located at the base of the pulmonary trunk, which extends from the right ventricle.

Back 29

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Front 30

The valve located at the base of the aorta, which extends from the left ventricle.

Back 30

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Front 31

If any of the heart valves are defective and do not close properly, an additional sound, besides the lub-dup sound may be heard, this is known as a

Back 31

Heart Murmur

Front 32

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood returning to the heart from the lungs via the

Back 32

Pulmonary Veins

Front 33

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

Back 33

Lungs

Front 34

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Back 34

Pulmonary Circuit

Front 35

Carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Back 35

Systemic Circuit

Front 36

The Heart itself receives blood from the

Back 36

Coronary Arteries

Front 37

Blockage of the Coronary Arteries cause

Back 37

Heart Attack

Front 38

After passing through capillaries in cardiac tissues, blood is returned via _______ _______, which lie next to the coronary arteries.

Back 38

Cardiac Veins

Front 39

The Cardiac Veins empty into the ________ ________, which drains into the right atrium.

Back 39

Coronary Sinus

Front 40

The Sinoatrial (S-A) node, Atrioventricular (A-V) node, A-V Bundle, and Purkinje Fibers are part of the _______ _______.

Back 40

Conduction System

Front 41

The pacemaker of the heart, is located in the right atrium at the junction of the superior vena cava.

Back 41

Sinoatrial Node

Front 42

A group of large fibers that divide into left and right branches extending down the ventricular septum and up the lateral walls of the ventricles.

Back 42

A-V Bundle (Bundle of His)

Front 43

The smaller ______ _______ arise from the branches of the A-V bundle and carry impulses to the myocardium of the ventricles, where they stimulate ventricular contraction.

Back 43

Purkinje Fibers

Front 44

An electrocardiogram has three distinct waves:

Back 44

P wave, QRS wave, and T wave.

Front 45

The small upward wave; and is produced by the depolarization of the atria.

Back 45

P wave

Front 46

Produced by the depolarization of the ventricles. The greater size of this wave is due to the greater muscle mass of the ventricles.

Back 46

QRS wave

Front 47

Produced by the repolarization of the ventricular myocardium.

Back 47

T wave

Front 48

The amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute, and it is an important measure of heart function.

Back 48

Cardiac Output

Front 49

The cardiac output is determined by what two factors

Back 49

Stroke Volume and Heart Rate

Front 50

The amount of blood pumped per ventricle at each contraction.

Back 50

Stroke Volume (SR)

Front 51

The amount of blood returning to the heart during diastole, and is an internal factor that affects stroke volume.

Back 51

Venous Return

Front 52

Heart rate regulation is primarily under the control of the _______ _______ located within the medulla oblongata of the brain.

Back 52

Cardiac Center

Front 53

Carry blood from the heart to the capillaries; Relatively thick muscular layer to withstand higher blood pressure

Back 53

Arteries

Front 54

Enable exchange of materials between blood; Microscopic vessels composed of a single and tissue cells layer of endothelial cells

Back 54

Capillaries

Front 55

Veins Return blood from the capillaries to the heart Relatively thin muscular layer; internal valves located at intervals to prevent backflow of blood

Back 55

Veins

Front 56

The outer layer of the arteries and veins; formed of fibrous connective tissue that includes both collagenous and elastic fibers.

Back 56

Tunica Externa

Front 57

The middle layer of the arteries and veins; usually the thickest layer; it consists of smooth muscle fibers that encircle the blood vessels.

Back 57

Tunica Media

Front 58

The inner layer of the arteries and veins; Consists of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells, called the endothelium

Back 58

Tunica Interna

Front 59

Arteries contain more ______ muscle and _______ connective tissues as an adaption to the higher blood pressure found in them

Back 59

Smooth; Elastic

Front 60

Blood flow in capillaries is controlled by __________ ________, smooth muscle fibers encircling the bases of capillaries at the arteriole- capillary junctions.

Back 60

Precapillary Sphincters

Front 61

The cells of tissues are enveloped in a thin film of extracellular fluid called

Back 61

Interstitial fluid, or tissue fluid

Front 62

Two factors affect the movement of fluid between blood in capillaries and interstitial fluid

Back 62

Blood Pressure and Osmotic Pressure

Front 63

Smallest veins

Back 63

Venules

Front 64

Nearly _____% of the blood volume is in veins at any instant

Back 64

60%

Front 65

Blood flows from areas of _____ pressure to areas of _______ pressure

Back 65

Higher; Lower

Front 66

The return of venous blood is assisted by three additional forces:

Back 66

Skeletal Muscle Contractions, Respiratory Movements, and Gravity

Front 67

Refers to the arterial pressure in the systemic circuit- in the aorta and its branches

Back 67

Blood Pressure

Front 68

Arterial blood pressure is greatest during ventricular contraction as blood is pumped into the aorta and its branches.

Back 68

Systolic Blood Pressure

Front 69

The lowest arterial pressure occurs during ventricular relaxation.

Back 69

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Front 70

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures is known as the

Back 70

Pulse Pressure

Front 71

The volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

Back 71

Cardiac Output

Front 72

What are the four major factors influencing blood pressure

Back 72

Cardiac Output, Blood Volume, Peripheral Resistance, and Blood Viscosity

Front 73

The friction of blood against the walls of blood vessels

Back 73

Peripheral Resistance

Front 74

The resistance of a liquid to flow

Back 74

Viscosity

Front 75

What controls the peripheral resistance by regulating the diameter of blood vessels.

Back 75

Sympathetic Nervous System

Front 76

The control center of the peripheral resistance is the ________ located in the medulla.

Back 76

Vasomotor Center

Front 77

An increase in the frequency of sympathetic impulses to the smooth muscle of blood vessels produces _________, which raises the blood pressure and increases blood velocity.

Back 77

Vasoconstriction

Front 78

A decrease in impulses frequency results in _________, which lowers blood pressure and slows blood velocity.

Back 78

Vasodilation

Front 79

Arterioles and precapillary sphincters are affected by localized changes in blood concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH. These local effects override the control by the vasomotor center, a process called ___________, and increase the rate of exchange of materials between tissue cells and the capillaries.

Back 79

autoregulation

Front 80

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs.

Back 80

Pulmonary Circuit

Front 81

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood in the _____ _______, a short, thich artery that divides to form the left and right ______ ______.

Back 81

Pulmonary Trunk; Pulmonary Arteries

Front 82

Two ________ ______ emerge from each lung to carry oxygenated blood back to the left atrium of the heart.

Back 82

Pulmonary Veins

Front 83

Carries oxygenated blood tissue cells of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Back 83

Systemic Circuit

Front 84

Location of the Aorta

Back 84

Ascends from the heart, arches to the left and behind the heart, and descends through the thorax and abdomen just anterior to the vertebral column.

Front 85

The first arteries to branch from the aorta are the left and right

Back 85

Coronary Arteries

Front 86

What are the three major arteries that branch from the aortic arch?

Back 86

brachio-cephalic artery, the left common-carotid artery, and the left sub-clavian artery.

Front 87

What supply the intercostal muscles between the ribs and other organs of the thoracic wall?

Back 87

Intercostal Arteries

Front 88

The celiac artery is a short artery that divides to form three branch arteries:

Back 88

Left gastric artery (supplies the stomach), Splenic Artery supplies the spleen and pancreas, Hepatic Artery supplies the liver

Front 89

supplies most of the small intestine and the first portion of the large intestine.

Back 89

Superior Mesenteric Artery

Front 90

The left and right ______ _____ supply the kidneys

Back 90

Renal Arteries

Front 91

The left and right _______ ______ supply the ovaries in females and the testes in males.

Back 91

Gonadal Arteries

Front 92

Several pairs of lumbar arteries supply the walls of the abdomen and ______

Back 92

Back

Front 93

Supplies the distal half of the large intestine.

Back 93

Inferior Mesentric Artery

Front 94

Carry blood to the lower portions of the trunk and to the legs.

Back 94

Common ilia Arteries