Chapter 12 Ethics

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527's

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Nonprofit organizations named after the section of the tax code that governs their activities. Allowed to raise and spend soft money on campaigns

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Accommodative Mode

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Firm thinks its political objectives are contingent on its ability to co-opt other groups to its viewpoint. The firm is wiling to form coalitions that are likely to become the norm.

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Astroturf Lobbying

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An old grassroot technique that relied on hundreds of phone calls or thousands of identical postcards, letters, or e-mails that arrive on the same day.

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Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

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Known as McCain-Feingold. Went into effect Nov 6, 2002. Represented the most sweeping change of the US Campaign finance system. Purpose was to remove the influence of "Soft Money" on candidates running ofr national office.

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Bundling

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The collection of individual donations taht are then delivered to the candidate in a lump sum. Enables firms to get around the campaign financing reform

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Coalitions

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Distinct groups or parties realize they have something in common that might warrant joining forces, at least temporarily, for joint action. It is a standard practice for firms interested in accomplishing political goals or influencing public policy.

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Company Lobbying

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Firms such as IBM AT&T, Ford and/or Delta Airlines lobby on their own behalf by using their own personnel, establish Washington offices for the sole purpose of lobbying, or hire professional lobbying firms and consultants

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Contingency Approach

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'an approach that says that organizations are different, face different situations and require different ways of managing'. for corporate political strategy and legislative decision making considers 2 major variables in making the decision: 1) The number of salient issues in a legislative district and 2) the amount of information a legislator possesses concerning voter preferences on these issues.

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Cyberadvovacy

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A new form of grassroots campaigning. Computers and the Internet have made communication infinitely easier.

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Defensive Mode

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A situation in which a company sees its objectives as completely legitimate, thinks that anyone opposing these objectives is an adversary and generally operates by itself in the political arena.

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Golden Rule of Politics

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He who has the gold, Rules!

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Grassroot Lobbying

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The process of mobilizing individual citizens who might be most directly affected by legislative activity to political action.

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Hard Money

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Donations made directly to candidates

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Lobbying

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The process of influencing public officials to promote or secure the passage or defeat of legislation. Use to promote the election or defeat of candidates for public office. Intensely self-interested.

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Political Action Committee (PAC)

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The principal instruments through which business uses financial resources to influence government. Another facet of lobbying.

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Political Involvement

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Participation in the formulation and execution of public policy at various levels of government

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Positive Activism

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A mode in which the focus moves from responding to external pressures to the initiation and development of a national agenda and a more progressive role in the public policy process

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Regulatory Life Cycle

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A political strategy that has various stages--formation, formulation, implementation, administration, and modification--that require or demand that the firm adjust its political strategy contingent on the stage that an issue has reached

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Soft Money

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A contribution made to political parties instead of to political candidates. These were unregulated prior to the law and often used to run "issue ads" just prior to an election.

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Trade Associations

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Composed of many firms in a given industry or line of business. Examples include: National Automobile Dealers Assoc., The National Association of Home Builders, The national Association of Realtors, and the Tobacco Institute.

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Umbrella Organizations

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The collective business interests of the United States. The best example: Chamber of Commerce of the US and the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM)