Chapter 12: Digestive System

Front 1

adhesion

Back 1

union of two surfaces normally separate; also, any fibrous gland that connects them. Surgery within the abdomen may result in these from scar tissue.

Front 2

borborygmus

Back 2

audible abdominal sound produced by hyperactive intestinal peristalsis; they are rumbling, gurgling, and tinkling noises heard when listening with a stethoscope

Front 3

botulism

Back 3

an extremely severe type of food poisoning caused by a neurotoxin produced by a bacteria from improperly canned or preserved foods

Front 4

carcinoma

Back 4

a malignant tumor

Front 5

celiac disease

Back 5

damage to the lining of the small intestine cause by the inability to digest gluten found in wheat, resulting in malabsorption of nutrients and malnutrition if untreated

Front 6

cholelithiasis

Back 6

gallstones; hardened cholesterol stones formed from bile crystallization

Front 7

cirrhosis

Back 7

interstitial inflammation of an organ, particularly the liver; loss of normal architecture, with fibrosis and nodular regeneration

Front 8

colitis

Back 8

inflammation of the colon, ulcerative or spastic

Front 9

cryptitis

Back 9

inflammation of a crypt, especially the anal crypt

Front 10

dysentery

Back 10

inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and blood and mucus in stools; most commonly associated with bacterial or parasitic infection

Front 11

emaciation

Back 11

excessive leanness cause by disease or lack of nutrition

Front 12

emesis

Back 12

material expelled from stomach during vomiting; vomitus

Front 13

esophageal atresia

Back 13

congenital absence of opening between esophagus and stomach

Front 14

esophageal varices

Back 14

enlarged, incompetent veins in the distal esophagus, usually caused by portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis

Front 15

gastric ulcers

Back 15

peptic or duodenal tissue inflammation of the stomach or intestinal linings, with pain and sometimes bleeding from perforation

Front 16

gastritis

Back 16

inflammation of the stomach lining

Front 17

gastroenteritis

Back 17

inflammation oft he stomach and intestine caused by ingested harmful bacterial toxin, with acute nausea and vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea

Front 18

glossitis

Back 18

inflammation of the tongue

Front 19

hepatitis

Back 19

inflammation of the liver

Front 20

hernia

Back 20

protrusion of a portion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening; many types

Front 21

hiatal

Back 21

protrusion of any structure through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

Front 22

Hirschsprung's disease

Back 22

congenital megacolon resulting from absence of autonomic ganglia in a segment of smooth muscle that normally stimulates peristalsis

Front 23

fecal impaction

Back 23

a collection of hardened feces in the rectum or sigmoid colon

Front 24

inguinal

Back 24

hernia into the inguinal canal, may be direct or indirect

Front 25

intussusception

Back 25

prolapse of a part of the intestine into the lumen of an immediately adjacent part

Front 26

oral leukoplakia

Back 26

precancerous lesion in the mouth

Front 27

obesity

Back 27

body mass index of > 30 using formula: weight (kg) / height squared (m2)

Front 28

peritonitis

Back 28

inflammation of the peritoneal cavity; may be caused by chemical irritation or bacterial invasion

Front 29

phenylketonuria (fen-il-ke'-to-nu-re-ah) (PKU)

Back 29

a congenital inability to metabolize phenylalanine, a component of protein

Front 30

polyposis

Back 30

the formation of numerous polyps

Front 31

rectocele

Back 31

hernia of the rectum through the vaginal floor

Front 32

sialolith

Back 32

salivary duct stone

Front 33

anastomosis

Back 33

surgical formation of a connection between two parts

Front 34

biopsy

Back 34

removal of tissue for microscopic purposes

Front 35

bypass

Back 35

a shunt, e.g., a surgically created pathway

Front 36

cheiloplasty

Back 36

surgical repair of a lip defect

Front 37

cholecystectomy

Back 37

excision of the gallbladder

Front 38

choledochoduodenostomy

(ko-led'-o-ko-du'-o-de-nos-to-me)

Back 38

surgical formation of an opening into the duodenum that connects it with the common bile duct

Front 39

colostomy

Back 39

surgical creation of an opening (stoma) between the colon and the body surface

Front 40

gastrectomy

Back 40

excision of the stomach, may be partial or subtotal

Front 41

herniorrhaphy

Back 41

surgical repair of a hernia

Front 42

ileostomy

Back 42

surgical creation of an opening into the ileum with a stoma on the abdominal wall

Front 43

laparotomy

Back 43

incision through any part of the abdominal wall

Front 44

portacaval shunt

Back 44

connection the portal vein and inferior vena cava to bypass a cirrhotic liver

Front 45

vagotomy

Back 45

cutting the vagus nerve to reduce stomach stimulation, used to treat an ulcer

Front 46

cholangiography

Back 46

x-ray examination of the bile ducts, using a radiopaque dye as a contrast medium

Front 47

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

Back 47

using endoscopes to examine esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

Front 48

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Back 48

treatment option for gallstones using ultrasound to send shock waves to crush the gallstones, allowing contraction of the gallbladder to remove stone fragments

Front 49

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)

Back 49

a clinical method to examine the bile duct, using a needle to pass directly into the bile duct and inject a contrast medium that can be seen by specialized equipment

Front 50

right hypochondrium/epigastric/left hypochondrium

right lumbar/umbilical/left lumbar

right inguinal/suprapubic/left inguinal

Back 50

Name the 9 divisions of the abdomen

Front 51

absorption

Back 51

the uptake from the intestine of fluids, solutes, proteins, fasts, and other nutrients into the intestinal wall cells, blood, lymph, or body fluids

Front 52

anabolism

Back 52

building up, using nutrients (proteins) for growth and development

Front 53

catabolism

Back 53

burning nutrients; breakdown in the presence of oxygen

Front 54

deciduous

Back 54

primary (baby) teeth

Front 55

deglutition (de'-glu-ti-shun)

Back 55

the act of swallowing

Front 56

eructation

Back 56

a unique sound resulting form the body attempting to bring air from the stomach through the mouth

Front 57

mastication

Back 57

chewing

Front 58

papillae

Back 58

small rough elevations on tongue and roof of mouth; contain taste buds

Front 59

periodontal disease

Back 59

a group of inflammatory gum disorders

Front 60

peristalsis

Back 60

muscular movement of food and liquid through the GI tract

Front 61

achalasia (ak-al-lay-zee-ah)

Back 61

decreased mobility of the lower two-thirds of the esophagus, along with constriction of the muscle between the esophagus and stomach, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Front 62

anasarca

Back 62

genearlized massive edema

Front 63

ascites

Back 63

abnormal accumulation of (edematous) fluid within the peritoneal cavity

Front 64

buccal

Back 64

pertaining to the cheek

Front 65

enteropathy

Back 65

disease of the intestine

Front 66

fistula

Back 66

an abnormal passage between two internal organs, or leading to the body surface

Front 67

gamma globulins

Back 67

substances containing antibodies; provide passive immunity in some people against certain infectious diseases

Front 68

gavage

Back 68

forced feeding, especially through a tube passed into the stomach; common for premature infants, people who are unconscious, and those who are critically ill

Front 69

glossal OR lingual

Back 69

pertaining to the tongue

Front 70

hyperalimentation

Back 70

an intravenous feeding program similar to total parenteral nutrition

Front 71

lavage

Back 71

washing out an organ

Front 72

nasogastric (ng) tube

Back 72

a soft flexible tube introduced through the nose into the stomach for gavage, lavage, or suction

Front 73

nothing per os; no food or fluid by mouth

Back 73

NPO

Front 74

parotid

Back 74

near the ear

Front 75

peritoneum

Back 75

membrane lining abdominal walls and pelvis, body cavities, and surround the contained viscera

Front 76

total parental nutrition

Back 76

intensive intravenous feeding most often introduced through a subclavian vein

Front 77

viscera

Back 77

a large interior organ in a body cavity, especially the abdomen

Front 78

volvulus

Back 78

loop of bowel twisting on itself resulting in bowel obstruction