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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
blood is what kind of tissue
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connective
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blood is a complex mixture of what three things
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-cells
-cell fragments -dissolved biochemicals |
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what are the functions of the blood
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-transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes and hormones
-maintain the stability of the interstitial fluid -distributes heat |
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where are cells formed and what are their functions
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-formed in red bone marrow
-red blood cells transport gases -white blood cells fight disease |
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what is the function of platelets
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control blood loss
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hematocrit
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-HCT
-percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample -about 45% |
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what percentage of blood volume do white blood cells and platelets account for
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less than 1%
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what is plasma
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-straw colored liquid
- mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes and cellular wastes -92% water -transports nutrients, gases and vitamins, helps to regulate fluid and electroylte balance, maintains a favorable PH |
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how much blood does an average adult have
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men- 5-6 liters
women- 4-5 liters varies with fluid and electrolyte concentrations, body size and adipose tissue |
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what is the oxygen carrying component of red blood cells
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hemoglobin
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erythrocytes
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-red blood cells
- bioconcave disks - |
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what is the result when hemoglobin binds oxygen
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oxyhemoglobin
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what is the result when oxygen is released from hemoglobin
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deoxyhemoglobin
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what does the lack of nucleus mean for red blood cells
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they can not synthesize proteins or divide
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how do red blood cells produce ATP
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glycolysis
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red blood cell count
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the number of red blood cells in a microliter of blood
men - 4,600,000- 6,200,000 women- 4,200,000- 5,400,000 RBCC or RCC |
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erythropoiesis
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red blood cell formation
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where are red blood cells formed initially
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yolk sac
liver spleen |
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where are red blood cells produced after birth
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tissue lining in the spaces in the bones filled with red bone marrow
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what are the stages of red blood cell production
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-hematopoietic stem cell
-myeloid stem cell -proerythroblast -erythroblast -normoblast -reticulocyte -erythrocyte |
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what is the life span of a red blood cell
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120 days
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erythropoietin
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-hormone controlling rate of red blood cell production
-released from kidney and to lesser extent the liver in response to prolonged oxygen deficiency |
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polycythemia
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excessive increase in red blood cells
increases blood viscosity, slows blood flow, impairs circulation |
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what is needed from DNA synthesis?
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B12
folic acid |
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what is needed for hemoglobin synthesis
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iron
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anemia
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-deficiency in red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin they contain
-affected person may become pale and lack energy |
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what happens to hematocrit levels when blood volume increases
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in decreases
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hemochromatosis
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-inherited disorder
-small intestine absorbs iron at ten times the normal rate -treatment is periodic blood removal |
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sickle cell disease
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-single DNA based mutation changes one amino acid in the protein part of hemoglobin
-this causes hemoglobin to crystallize in a low oxygen enviroment -sickle shape red blood cells from bending due to lack of oxygen -painful -derived from malaria regions |
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hydroxyurea
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drug used to activate production of a form of hemoglobin normally produced only in the fetus
slows sickeling |
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With age , red blood cells become increasingly fragile and are damaged by passing through the ____________
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capillaries
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what phagocytizes damaged red blood cells and where does this happen
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-macrophages
-liver and spleen |
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what are macrophages
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large phagocytic wondering cells
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heme group
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hemoglobin molecules liberated from the red blood cells breakdown
further breaks down into biliverdin |
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in what form is iron stored in the liver
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iron-protein complex
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what color is biliverdin
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green
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what color is bilirubin
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orange
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where are bilirubin and biliverdin excreted
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bile as bile pigments
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jaundice
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-accumulation of bilirubin turns skin and eyes yellowish
-may be the result of immature liver cells that ineffectively excrete bilirubin into the bile |
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leukocytes
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-white blood cells
-develop from hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow |
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what hormones are used in stimulation for white blood cells
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-interleukins
numbered -colony stimulating factors named for the cell population they stimulate |
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what is the function of white blood cells
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protect against disease
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what are the five types of leukocytes
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neutrophils
eosinophils basophils monocytes lymphocytes |
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granulocytes
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leukocytes with granular cytoplasm
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agranulocytes
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leukocytes without cytoplasmic granules
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how big is a granulocyte
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twice the size of the red blood cell
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what is the average life span of a granulocyte
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12 hours
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neutrophils
color? granules? nucleus? purpose? percentage? |
-purple staining fine cytoplasmic granules
- c shaped lobed nucleus -phagocytize small particles -account for 54-62 % |
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diapedesis
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leukocytes squeeze through the cells that form vessel walls, this is that movement
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eosinophils
color? granules? nucleus? purpose? percentage? |
- stain red
-coarse granules -2 lobed -kills parasites and moderates allergic reactions -1-3% |
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Basophils
color? granules? nucleus? purpose? percentage? |
-deep blue
-fewer granules -size and shape of nuclei similar to eosinophils -releases heparin and histamine -less than 1% |
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what is the function of
herperin histamine |
inhibits clotting
promotes inflammation |
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monocytes
color? granules? nucleus? purpose? percentage? |
largest blood cells
-purple -agranular -kidney bean shaped nucleus -phagacytizes large particles -3-9% |
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lymphocytes
color? granules? nucleus? purpose? percentage? |
only slightly larger than red blood cells
-purple -agranular -large round nucleus -provides immunity -25-33% |
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amoeboid motion
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self propulsion motion of leukocytes
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what do monocytes become when they leave the blood stream
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macrophages
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what do macrophages do
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phagocytize bacteria, dead cells and other debris
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lysosomes
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organelles filled with digestive enzymes that break down organic molecules captured in bacteria, nutrients and worn out organelles
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what is a normal white blood cell count
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4,000-11,000 per microliter of human blood
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leukocytosis
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total number of white blood cells exceeding 11,000 per microliter
indicates acute infection |
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leukopenia
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white blood cell count below 4,000 per microliter
may accompany typhoid fever, influenza, measles, mumps, chickenpox, AIDS, poliomyelitis |
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differential white blood cell count
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percentages of types of leukocytes in a blood sample
-useful because relative proportions change with particular diseases |
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changes in white blood cell counts with disease
bacterial infections parasitic infections and allergic reactions AIDS |
number of neutrophils increases
number of eosinophils increase lymphocyte drop sharply |
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thrombocytes
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-platelets
-arise from megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow -develeop from hemapoietic stem cells in response to thrombopoietin -lacks a nucleus -less than half the size of a red blood cell -lives 10 days |
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what is a normal platelet count
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130,00-360,000
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what are the most abundant of the dissolved substances found in plasma
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plasma proteins
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what are the three types of plasma proteins
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albumins
globulins fibrinogen |
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albumins
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-smallest of the plasma proteins
-account for 60% of these proteins by weight -synthesized in the liver -important determinant of osmotic pressure |
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colloid osmotic pressure
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-used to describe osmotic effect due to plasma proteins
-plasma proteins are to large to pass through the capillary walls, impermeant, create osmotic pressure that hold fluid in the capillaries |
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edema
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-concentration of plasma protein falls
-tissues swell -may result from starvation, protein deficient diet or impaired liver |
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globulins
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-36% of plasma proteins
- further divided into alpha, beta , gamma globulins |
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alpha and beta globulins
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-synthesized in the liver
-transport of lipids and fat soluble vitamins |
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gamma globulins
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-produced by lymphatic tissue
-antibody |
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fibrinogen
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-4% of plasma proteins
-functions in blood coagulation -synthesized in the liver -largest of the plasma proteins |
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what are the most important blood gases
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oxygen
carbon dioxide |
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plasma nutrients include:
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-amino acids that build proteins
-simple sugars for energy storage -nucleotides ( DNA, RNA) -lipids for long term storage of cholestrol |
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nonprotein nitrogenous substances
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molecules that contain nitrogen atoms but are not proteins
includes amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatine and creatinine |
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where do amino acids come from
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protein digestion and amino acid absorption
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where do urea and uric acid come from
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products of protein and nucleic acid catabolism
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what does creatinine result from
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metabolism of creatine
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electrolytes
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absorbed from the intestine or released as by products of cellular metabolism
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what are the two most abundant electrolytes
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sodium and chloride ions
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hemeostasis
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stoppage of bleeding
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following injury to a vessel, three steps occur in hemostasis, what are the steps
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blood vessel spasm
platelet plug formation blood coagulation |
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cutting or breaking a small blood vessel stimulates the smooth muscles to contract
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vasospasm
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can vasospasm completely close the end of a severed vessel
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yes
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how long does the effect of direct stimulation from vasospasm usually last
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30 minutes
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what do platelets release and what does it do
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serotonin
contracts smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls |
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serum
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plasma minus clotting factors
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formation of fibrin
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1. damaged tissues release tissue thromnoplastin, initiating a series of reactions in the production of prothrombin activator..requires calcium ions , proteins, phospholipids
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prothrombin
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prothrombin activator converts into thrombin
thrombin catalyzes a reaction that joins fragments of fibrinogen into long threads of fibrin |
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what creates the meshwork that entraps blood cells and platelets
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fibrin sticks to the exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels
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laboratory tests that evaluate blood coagulation mechanisms
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prothrombin time PT
partial thromboplastin time PTT |
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what do fibroblasts do
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-invade blood clots that form in ruptured vessels produces fibrous connective tissue throughout
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what does the dissolution of a clot require
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-coversion of plasma protein plasminogen into plasmin
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what does plasmin do
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breaks down fibrin threads
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what is a blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel
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thrombus
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what is a clot that dislodges
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embolus
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tissue plasminogen activator
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medication that restores blocked coronary or cerebral circulation if given within three hours of a heart attack or stroke
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urokinase
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enzyme produced in kidney cells
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atherosclerosis
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accumulations of fatty deposits that change arterial linings
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agglutination
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clumping of red blood cells following a transfusion reaction
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hemophilia
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-symtoms include severe hemorrhage from minor injury, frequent nosebleeds, blood in urine, intramuscular hematomas
-x chromosome -more frequently males -treatment is replacing factor 8 |
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von Willebrand disease
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-bleed and bruise easily
-hereditary coagulation disorder -mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract spontaneously bleed |
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Factor V Leiden
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inherited susceptibility plus other risk factors
mutation in gene that encodes clotting factor V just one altered DNA base which changes one amino acid in the clotting factor |