Chapter 12 Bio

Front 1

Cell cycle

Back 1

The life of a cell from formation to its own division

Front 2

Genome

Back 2

All the DNA in a cell, can be single DNA molecule or more than one

Front 3

Chromatin

Back 3

Eukaryotes have them. complex (intermediate step) of and DNA and protein

Front 4

Somatic cells

Back 4

Nonreproductive. Have two sets of chromosomes

Front 5

Gametes

Back 5

Reproductive cells, have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

Front 6

Sister chromatids

Back 6

A duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids, which is joined copies of the original Chromosome, attached by cohesins

Front 7

Centronomers

Back 7

Narrow waist of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached

Front 8

Interphase

Back 8

Cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division

G1: first gap

S: synthesis

G2: second gap

Front 9

Mitosis:mitotic phase

Back 9

The division of the genetic material in the nucleus

Front 10

Cytokinesis:mitotic phase

Back 10

The division of the cytoplasm

Front 11

Mitosis divided into five phases

Back 11

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 12

Prophase

Back 12

Prophase

Front 13

Mitotic spindle

Back 13

Structure made of Microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis. Has centrosomes, aster, spindle microtubles

Front 14

Centrosome

Back 14

in animal cells, assembly of spindle Microtubules begins in the centrosome, the Microtubule organizing center. Centrosome replicates during interphase, then split to opposite sides of the cell during prophase and prometaphase

Front 15

Spindle Microtubules

Back 15

?????

Front 16

Aster

Back 16

A radial array of short Microtubules, extends from each centrosome

Front 17

Kinetochores

Back 17

Protein complexes associated with centromeres

Front 18

Nonkinetochore

Back 18

????

Front 19

Cytokinesis

Back 19

Begins during anaphase or telophase and the spindle eventually disassembles

Front 20

Cleavage furrow

Back 20

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by cleavage, forming cleavage furrow

Front 21

Cell plate

Back 21

In plants, a cell plate forms during cytokinesis

Front 22

Checkpoints of cell cycle

Back 22

Like a clock, when a checkpoint is reached it stops until it gets a signal to continue. G1 s g2 m

Front 23

Prometaphase

Back 23

Front 24

Metaphase

Back 24

Front 25

Anaphase

Back 25

Front 26

Telophase

Back 26

Front 27

Organisms are dependent on cell division for what three events

Back 27

1. Development from a fertilized cell

2. Growth

3. Repair

Front 28

Cell division is an integral part of what cycle

Back 28

Cell cycle

Front 29

What results from most cell division

Back 29

Genetically identical daughter cells, same DNA

Front 30

At what stage of the cell cycle do cells duplicate their genetic material

Back 30

S phase

Front 31

What are chromosomes composed of

Back 31

Chromosomes are composed of DNA molecules, ??

Front 32

Do all eukaryotic species share the same number of chromosomes

Back 32

No

Front 33

Within the eukaryotic species, which types of cells possess all the chromosomes inherited from both parents

Back 33

Somatic cells?

Front 34

Which cells only contain half of the number of chromosomes

Back 34

Gametes

Front 35

What two cells are gametes

Back 35

Sperm and egg cells

Front 36

In preparation for cell division, how does the DNA behave, what do the chromosomes look like

Back 36

DNA is replicated. Chromosomes condense

Front 37

How are sister chromosomes held together during interphase, prophase, and metaphase

Back 37

1. Interphase

2. Prophase

3. Metaphase???

Front 38

During cell division what do the two cell chromatids do

Back 38

Separate and move into the nuclei

Front 39

When are chromatids called chromosomes

Back 39

Once separate they are called chromosomes

Front 40

In eukaryotic cells, cell division consists of what 2 stages

Back 40

Mitosis:the division of genetic material in the nucleus. Cytokinesis: the division of the cytoplasm

Front 41

Name the two phases of the cell cycle

Back 41

Mitotic phase(mitosis and cytokinesis)

Interphase(cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division)

Front 42

Which of the two phases is the longest in the cell cycle

Back 42

Interphase

Front 43

What are the three specific subphases in interphase

Back 43

G1(first gap) s(synthesis) g2(second gap)

Front 44

What happens to the cell during all three phases

Back 44

The cell grows during all three phases, but chromosomes are only duplicated in the s phase

Front 45

When are chromosomes duplicated

Back 45

Only during s phase

Front 46

Name and describe the 5 specific stages of motosis

Back 46

Prophase first phase, chromosomes become paired chromatids, nuclear envelope disappears

Prometaphase, second phase of mitosis, the process that separates duplicated genetic material into two daughter cells...Spindle Microtubules attach to kinetochores

Metaphase, second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, chromosomes become attached to spindle fibers... Chromosomes lined up at metaphase plate, plane midway between spindles two poles

Anaphase, chromosomes move away from one another to the opposite poles of the spindle

Telophase chromatids move to opposite ends of the cells and two nuclei are formed

Front 47

What event occurs during the latter stages of mitosis

Back 47

Creation of two nuclei

Front 48

What cellular machinery controls movement of chromosomes during mitosis

Back 48

Mitotic spindle

Front 49

When and how does the assembly of spindle Microtubules begin in animal cells

Back 49

Begins in centrosome, the centrosome replicates during interphase forming two centrosomes that move to opposite sides of the cell

Front 50

What other name is given to the centrosome

Back 50

???

Front 51

At which stage does the centrosome replicate, how many centrosomes results

Back 51

Anaphase, 2

Front 52

What do the centrosomes do during prophase and prometaphase

Back 52

Prophase: move away from each other

Prometaphase: help Microtubules invade nuclear area ??

Front 53

Memorize details of what happens to the centrosome, spindle fibers, and chromosomes during prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase

Back 53

???

Front 54

Describe the events of cytokinesis, when does it begin

Back 54

Begins during the anaphase or telophase and the spindle eventually disassembles

Front 55

Describe cytokinesis in plant and animal cells

Back 55

Plant: a cell plate forms

Animal: occurs by process of cleavage, forming cleavage furrow

Front 56

Understand the critical checkpoints of a cell cycle, for example what happens when a cell receives a go-ahead from a g1 checkpoint

Back 56

It moves to s(synthesis)

Front 57

What happens to the cell if there is no go ahead signal

Back 57

It stays in the same place

Front 58

Mitotic spindle, what does it have

Back 58

Centrosome, aster, spindle Microtubules

Front 59

Draw pic of pro met

Back 59

Prophase metaphase pic

Front 60

Golgi makes cell plate

Back 60

Yaya

Front 61

Golgi makes cell plate

Back 61

Yaya

Front 62

Kinetochores

Back 62

Need to know